Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: cortico - lsr
... human pre-SMA is activated when two procedures compete with each other [19,22,37]. Thus, the conflict associated with proactive switching (i.e. conflict between the old Box 1. Retroactive switching by ACC neurons There is empirical evidence that errors result in adjustments of behavior in several wa ...
... human pre-SMA is activated when two procedures compete with each other [19,22,37]. Thus, the conflict associated with proactive switching (i.e. conflict between the old Box 1. Retroactive switching by ACC neurons There is empirical evidence that errors result in adjustments of behavior in several wa ...
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... of columns is of approximately same size in both cats and monkeys. The functional properties of neurons are similar within a column, but significantly differ between adjacent columns (Mountcastle, 1997). Seminal work by Hubel and Wiesel in the 1960s and 1970s then triggered tremendous interest in s ...
... of columns is of approximately same size in both cats and monkeys. The functional properties of neurons are similar within a column, but significantly differ between adjacent columns (Mountcastle, 1997). Seminal work by Hubel and Wiesel in the 1960s and 1970s then triggered tremendous interest in s ...
Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in
... Participants covertly generated the word ‘rest’ repeatedly at two self-paced rates (once every 1 s or 4 s; i.e. 60 words/min or 15 words/min), without speaking. During scanning, the two conditions alternated in an ABAB design, with each condition lasting 30 s, and five cycles of each condition in a ...
... Participants covertly generated the word ‘rest’ repeatedly at two self-paced rates (once every 1 s or 4 s; i.e. 60 words/min or 15 words/min), without speaking. During scanning, the two conditions alternated in an ABAB design, with each condition lasting 30 s, and five cycles of each condition in a ...
New Insights on Neural Basis of Choice
... differences. Furthermore, fMRI is not good enough to actually differentiate between all these small subregions. Some scholars will address vmPFC and OFC as different. But be careful. It may be that they talk about humans or monkeys. There is no direct homology between these areas across species. Not ...
... differences. Furthermore, fMRI is not good enough to actually differentiate between all these small subregions. Some scholars will address vmPFC and OFC as different. But be careful. It may be that they talk about humans or monkeys. There is no direct homology between these areas across species. Not ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... The loudspeaker was located 53 cm above the bottom of the recording chamber. The box was built in black acrylic and had a surface of 22 by 27 cm and the walls had a height of 65 cm. The walls of the box were covered with corrugated cardboard (4 mm thickness) for sound-resonance suppression. Measurem ...
... The loudspeaker was located 53 cm above the bottom of the recording chamber. The box was built in black acrylic and had a surface of 22 by 27 cm and the walls had a height of 65 cm. The walls of the box were covered with corrugated cardboard (4 mm thickness) for sound-resonance suppression. Measurem ...
Reciprocal Connectivity of Identified Color
... the PITC directly projects to the AITC. Our results indicate that AITC is in fact reciprocally connected with the PITC. The AITC received additional inputs from various other areas of the posterior occipitotemporal cortex, areas in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), and prefrontal and parietal cort ...
... the PITC directly projects to the AITC. Our results indicate that AITC is in fact reciprocally connected with the PITC. The AITC received additional inputs from various other areas of the posterior occipitotemporal cortex, areas in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), and prefrontal and parietal cort ...
Primary Visual Pathway
... Visual Cortex • Simple cells - Spatially distinct on and off zones • Complex cells - receptive field has a mixture of on and off zones • Length cells - respond to length of a bar that was moved across a receptive field • Direction cells - respond to direction of a bar moving across the receptive fi ...
... Visual Cortex • Simple cells - Spatially distinct on and off zones • Complex cells - receptive field has a mixture of on and off zones • Length cells - respond to length of a bar that was moved across a receptive field • Direction cells - respond to direction of a bar moving across the receptive fi ...
Interactions between attention, context and learning in primary
... receptive field by itself does not activate the cell, yet when presented in conjunction with a line within the receptive field can triple the response of the cell, indicates a substantial degree of non-linearity in cell responses. The facilitation can be blocked by placing a perpendicular line betwe ...
... receptive field by itself does not activate the cell, yet when presented in conjunction with a line within the receptive field can triple the response of the cell, indicates a substantial degree of non-linearity in cell responses. The facilitation can be blocked by placing a perpendicular line betwe ...
Brain regions associated with moment-to
... and insular cortices (Menon and Uddin, 2010; Seeley et al., 2007) are intimately involved in rapid on-line adjustments in control. According to Menon and Uddin (2010) for example, the AI and dACC are core members of a larger salience network that rapidly activates to stimuli of potential motivationa ...
... and insular cortices (Menon and Uddin, 2010; Seeley et al., 2007) are intimately involved in rapid on-line adjustments in control. According to Menon and Uddin (2010) for example, the AI and dACC are core members of a larger salience network that rapidly activates to stimuli of potential motivationa ...
Categorical perception of somesthetic stimuli: psychophysical
... stimulus speeds (categorical neurons). In a light instruction task, we tested the possibility that the categorical neurons (n = 71) were associated with the intention to press, or with the trajectory of the hand to one of the two target switches used to indicate categorization. In this situation, ea ...
... stimulus speeds (categorical neurons). In a light instruction task, we tested the possibility that the categorical neurons (n = 71) were associated with the intention to press, or with the trajectory of the hand to one of the two target switches used to indicate categorization. In this situation, ea ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?
... success. A similar test by Nissani (unpublished communication) produced the same result. Visual discrimination learning is another area where the performance of elephants does not meet standards set by other mammals. Working elephants in Burma, maintained under semi-natural conditions, were tested f ...
... success. A similar test by Nissani (unpublished communication) produced the same result. Visual discrimination learning is another area where the performance of elephants does not meet standards set by other mammals. Working elephants in Burma, maintained under semi-natural conditions, were tested f ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... period, the odour was rated using a button box for both pleasantness and intensity, using a visual rating scale from 2 (very pleasant/very strong) to 2 (very unpleasant/very weak). fMRI data acquisition Images were acquired with a 3.0-T VARIAN/SIEMENS whole-body scanner at FMRIB, Oxford. Local brai ...
... period, the odour was rated using a button box for both pleasantness and intensity, using a visual rating scale from 2 (very pleasant/very strong) to 2 (very unpleasant/very weak). fMRI data acquisition Images were acquired with a 3.0-T VARIAN/SIEMENS whole-body scanner at FMRIB, Oxford. Local brai ...
Topical Review
... These statistics have led to a research focus on mechanisms of neural repair as they relate to the patterns of human recovery after stroke. The patterns of recovery in the human brain after stroke have been determined with functional imaging and transcranial magnetic (TMS) and direct current (TDC) s ...
... These statistics have led to a research focus on mechanisms of neural repair as they relate to the patterns of human recovery after stroke. The patterns of recovery in the human brain after stroke have been determined with functional imaging and transcranial magnetic (TMS) and direct current (TDC) s ...
Inferring a dual-stream model of mentalizing from associative white
... Menon, 2010), and that cognitive disorders may result from the general dysfunction of a neurocognitive network induced by a loss of structural connectivity (He et al., 2007a). In the present study, we collected mentalizing data from a large sample of patients (n = 93) having undergone surgical resec ...
... Menon, 2010), and that cognitive disorders may result from the general dysfunction of a neurocognitive network induced by a loss of structural connectivity (He et al., 2007a). In the present study, we collected mentalizing data from a large sample of patients (n = 93) having undergone surgical resec ...
Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique for cell type identification
... neocortex using molecular biological techniques. Specifically, we have been searching for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH analyses [37,41]. What we considered critical in these analyses was the identification of cell types, because, if we want to compar ...
... neocortex using molecular biological techniques. Specifically, we have been searching for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH analyses [37,41]. What we considered critical in these analyses was the identification of cell types, because, if we want to compar ...
Molecular Analysis of Developmental Plasticity in Neocortex
... al., 1991; Wigstrom and Gustafsson, 1985). Since its discovery in the hippocampus, LTP, the sustained increase in synaptic transmission resulting from highfrequency stimulation of excitatory pathways, has been the primary experimental model for studies of the synaptic basis of learning and memory in ...
... al., 1991; Wigstrom and Gustafsson, 1985). Since its discovery in the hippocampus, LTP, the sustained increase in synaptic transmission resulting from highfrequency stimulation of excitatory pathways, has been the primary experimental model for studies of the synaptic basis of learning and memory in ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
Evidence for implication of primate area V1 in neural 3
... modulations also appear to occur in the ventral pathway [14,62]. The question still debated [18] is whether the primary visual cortex (area V1) is involved in the neural process of spatial localization or not. The demonstration of the effects of changing the viewing distance (see above) on the neural ...
... modulations also appear to occur in the ventral pathway [14,62]. The question still debated [18] is whether the primary visual cortex (area V1) is involved in the neural process of spatial localization or not. The demonstration of the effects of changing the viewing distance (see above) on the neural ...
XVI. COMMUNICATIONS BIOPHYSICS W. Dr. Ursula
... stimuli in the form of a decrease of amplitude in the steady-state response begins at rates between Z/sec and 100/sec. For rates between 100/sec and 400/sec, wherein the peripheral responses are still synchronized with the stimulus frequency, only the first few (1-3) responses are larger in size tha ...
... stimuli in the form of a decrease of amplitude in the steady-state response begins at rates between Z/sec and 100/sec. For rates between 100/sec and 400/sec, wherein the peripheral responses are still synchronized with the stimulus frequency, only the first few (1-3) responses are larger in size tha ...
Differential Activity-Dependent Development of Corticospinal
... the ipsilateral limb, indicating defective endpoint control. Similarly, when animals stepped over obstacles on a treadmill, the contralateral limb was placed farther in front of the obstacle, but only when it was the first (i.e., leading) limb to step over the obstacle, not when it was the second (i ...
... the ipsilateral limb, indicating defective endpoint control. Similarly, when animals stepped over obstacles on a treadmill, the contralateral limb was placed farther in front of the obstacle, but only when it was the first (i.e., leading) limb to step over the obstacle, not when it was the second (i ...
Messages from the Brain Connectivity Regarding Neural Correlates
... There is a general consensus that functional segregation is a multiscale phenomenon, ranging from specialized neurons to neuronal populations and cortical areas [17]. On the other hand, most complex cognitive processes require the functional integration of widely distributed brain areas for coherent ...
... There is a general consensus that functional segregation is a multiscale phenomenon, ranging from specialized neurons to neuronal populations and cortical areas [17]. On the other hand, most complex cognitive processes require the functional integration of widely distributed brain areas for coherent ...
Toward a Unified Theory of Visual Area V4
... II. Complex Functional Organization in V4 There have long been suggestions that V4 contains functional compartments. The original evidence for this idea comes from anatomical studies in which retrograde tracer injections in V4 labeled either predominantly thin stripes (associated with color) or pale ...
... II. Complex Functional Organization in V4 There have long been suggestions that V4 contains functional compartments. The original evidence for this idea comes from anatomical studies in which retrograde tracer injections in V4 labeled either predominantly thin stripes (associated with color) or pale ...
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... areas in non-human primates [8–16], where primary subfields are organised in anterior-posterior frequency gradients from high-to-low (caudal primary auditory subfield A1), low-to-high (rostral primary auditory subfield R), and high-to-low (rostrotemporal primary auditory subfield RT) frequencies, wi ...
... areas in non-human primates [8–16], where primary subfields are organised in anterior-posterior frequency gradients from high-to-low (caudal primary auditory subfield A1), low-to-high (rostral primary auditory subfield R), and high-to-low (rostrotemporal primary auditory subfield RT) frequencies, wi ...
Technical note: Use of a double inversion recovery pulse sequence
... increments in the variation of TI, and TI2 would have been desirable, but this was precluded by the long scan times required (see below). Once the inversion timings needed to selectively image grey and white brain matter had been determined, normal volunteers were scanned to measure the degree of su ...
... increments in the variation of TI, and TI2 would have been desirable, but this was precluded by the long scan times required (see below). Once the inversion timings needed to selectively image grey and white brain matter had been determined, normal volunteers were scanned to measure the degree of su ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.