![Functional Neuroanatomy for Posture and Gait Control](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003100648_1-a71f042f1c6dcb8f8b1a15db1ff3f4f5-300x300.png)
Functional Neuroanatomy for Posture and Gait Control
... Figure 3. Functional organization of medullary reticulospinal systems in decerebrate cats. A: Locations of the medullary reticulospinal neurons relating to muscle tone suppression (a), muscle tone augmentation (hypertonus) (b), and locomotion (c). During reflex standing of the decerebrate cats, reti ...
... Figure 3. Functional organization of medullary reticulospinal systems in decerebrate cats. A: Locations of the medullary reticulospinal neurons relating to muscle tone suppression (a), muscle tone augmentation (hypertonus) (b), and locomotion (c). During reflex standing of the decerebrate cats, reti ...
the brain`s concepts: the role of the sensory
... among others. In Fodor’s theory (see Fodor, 1975), the purported amodal nature of concepts draws a sharp dividing line between the modular input/ output brain structures and a generalised cognitive system (unanalysed at the level of the brain), whose functioning rules are totally independent from th ...
... among others. In Fodor’s theory (see Fodor, 1975), the purported amodal nature of concepts draws a sharp dividing line between the modular input/ output brain structures and a generalised cognitive system (unanalysed at the level of the brain), whose functioning rules are totally independent from th ...
the brain`s concepts: the role of the sensory
... among others. In Fodor’s theory (see Fodor, 1975), the purported amodal nature of concepts draws a sharp dividing line between the modular input/ output brain structures and a generalised cognitive system (unanalysed at the level of the brain), whose functioning rules are totally independent from th ...
... among others. In Fodor’s theory (see Fodor, 1975), the purported amodal nature of concepts draws a sharp dividing line between the modular input/ output brain structures and a generalised cognitive system (unanalysed at the level of the brain), whose functioning rules are totally independent from th ...
PDF - Journal of the American Heart Association
... CPR titrated to arterial blood pressure improves short-term survival compared with standard CPR targeted to a fixed depth of compressions and a fixed frequency of vasoactive medications after hypoxic and normoxic VF CA.15,16 This goaldirected approach optimizes coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and ce ...
... CPR titrated to arterial blood pressure improves short-term survival compared with standard CPR targeted to a fixed depth of compressions and a fixed frequency of vasoactive medications after hypoxic and normoxic VF CA.15,16 This goaldirected approach optimizes coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and ce ...
Vdhjections InducedInto the Auditory Pathway of Ferrets. I
... whether there are commonalities in processing circuitry across different cortices. In our laboratory, this question has been investigated at the level of the geniculocortical pathway by routing information of one sensory modality into the processing circuitry of another modality. Appropriate early l ...
... whether there are commonalities in processing circuitry across different cortices. In our laboratory, this question has been investigated at the level of the geniculocortical pathway by routing information of one sensory modality into the processing circuitry of another modality. Appropriate early l ...
The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Decision Making
... continuing until they had indicated their preference between all possible pairs of the 8 food items in the set. Overall completion time for the food and color categories was measured by means of a stopwatch. Each participant chose from the same foods and colors, but compared different sets of people ...
... continuing until they had indicated their preference between all possible pairs of the 8 food items in the set. Overall completion time for the food and color categories was measured by means of a stopwatch. Each participant chose from the same foods and colors, but compared different sets of people ...
Hippocampal region - NeuronDevelopment.org
... studies by Hjorth-Simonsen (1972) showed that the perforant path is lOpographically organized so that EntL terminates in the superficial third of the lacunosum moleculare layer of CA3 and in the superficial third of the dentate molecular layer throughout both ectal and endallimbs. The EntM terminate ...
... studies by Hjorth-Simonsen (1972) showed that the perforant path is lOpographically organized so that EntL terminates in the superficial third of the lacunosum moleculare layer of CA3 and in the superficial third of the dentate molecular layer throughout both ectal and endallimbs. The EntM terminate ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... offset ramps, 600 ms intertrial interval) and level [0 – 60 dB sound pressure level (SPL) in 5 dB increments] delivered from a free field electrostatic speaker placed 12 cm from the contralateral ear. Auditory core fields (AI and AAF) were identified by an unmistakable caudal-to-rostral mirror rever ...
... offset ramps, 600 ms intertrial interval) and level [0 – 60 dB sound pressure level (SPL) in 5 dB increments] delivered from a free field electrostatic speaker placed 12 cm from the contralateral ear. Auditory core fields (AI and AAF) were identified by an unmistakable caudal-to-rostral mirror rever ...
connect_review_20150316 - Royal Holloway, University of London
... associated with the ventral stream, including the well-studied fusiform face area (FFA) in the fusiform gyrus (Kanwisher et al., 1997). FFA responds more to faces than non-face objects, as do areas in the ventral occipital lobe (OFA) and posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS). An influential netwo ...
... associated with the ventral stream, including the well-studied fusiform face area (FFA) in the fusiform gyrus (Kanwisher et al., 1997). FFA responds more to faces than non-face objects, as do areas in the ventral occipital lobe (OFA) and posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS). An influential netwo ...
Developmental Changes Revealed by Immunohistochemical
... obtained upon ultrasound in utero, or those made at post-mortem autopsy. By the convention used here, GA is 2 weeks greater than the actual conceptional (post-ovulatory, or fertilization) embryonic age; normal term is GA 40 weeks (40 weeks). Any brains showing anatomical anomalies, parenchymal hemor ...
... obtained upon ultrasound in utero, or those made at post-mortem autopsy. By the convention used here, GA is 2 weeks greater than the actual conceptional (post-ovulatory, or fertilization) embryonic age; normal term is GA 40 weeks (40 weeks). Any brains showing anatomical anomalies, parenchymal hemor ...
Phantom Limbs and Neural Plasticity
... The experiments on referred sensations in phantom limbs are important for 2 reasons: First, they suggest that, contrary to the static picture of brain maps provided by neuroanatomists, topography is extremely labile. Even in the adult brain, massive reorganization can occur over extremely short peri ...
... The experiments on referred sensations in phantom limbs are important for 2 reasons: First, they suggest that, contrary to the static picture of brain maps provided by neuroanatomists, topography is extremely labile. Even in the adult brain, massive reorganization can occur over extremely short peri ...
choosing the greater of two goods: neural currencies for valuation
... the context of a typical two-alternative forced-choice discrimination task, these intermediate areas must implement at least three fundamental transformations15 (FIG. 2a). First, a ‘sensory transformation’ generates a higher-order visual representation from primary visual input. Second, a ‘decision ...
... the context of a typical two-alternative forced-choice discrimination task, these intermediate areas must implement at least three fundamental transformations15 (FIG. 2a). First, a ‘sensory transformation’ generates a higher-order visual representation from primary visual input. Second, a ‘decision ...
Use of an Amino-Cupric-Silver Technique for the Detection of Early
... In 2 rats a stainless steel insect pin was lowered into the cerebral cortex after drilling a small hole in the skull that caused minimal damage to the meninges. Survival time: 5 min and 15 min. In 10 rats the olfactory bulb was aspirated unilaterally under direct observation. Following bulbectomy th ...
... In 2 rats a stainless steel insect pin was lowered into the cerebral cortex after drilling a small hole in the skull that caused minimal damage to the meninges. Survival time: 5 min and 15 min. In 10 rats the olfactory bulb was aspirated unilaterally under direct observation. Following bulbectomy th ...
A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... overcome the threshold for evoking such dendritic spikes because even input directly to the tuft has little effect on the apical Ca2+ initiation zone [49,63]. The conceptual breakthrough emerged from the demonstration that the Na+ and Ca2+ spike initiation zones can influence each other [59,69] (Fig ...
... overcome the threshold for evoking such dendritic spikes because even input directly to the tuft has little effect on the apical Ca2+ initiation zone [49,63]. The conceptual breakthrough emerged from the demonstration that the Na+ and Ca2+ spike initiation zones can influence each other [59,69] (Fig ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... et al. 2012; Ranasinghe, Vrana, et al. 2012; Ranasinghe, Carraway, et al. 2012). We chose this method because our earlier studies showed that the performance of this classifier is highly correlated with rat behavioral discrimination (Engineer et al. 2008; Shetake et al. 2011; Perez et al. 2012; Ranas ...
... et al. 2012; Ranasinghe, Vrana, et al. 2012; Ranasinghe, Carraway, et al. 2012). We chose this method because our earlier studies showed that the performance of this classifier is highly correlated with rat behavioral discrimination (Engineer et al. 2008; Shetake et al. 2011; Perez et al. 2012; Ranas ...
Thalamocortical projection from the ventral posteromedial nucleus
... dense plexus in layers IV and VI. Most of these fibers extended vertically in the columns and were highly branched (indicated by arrows in Fig. 1B). Different types of axon were also present. They entered SI distant from target sites, extended toward the brain surface, then sharply turned toward the ...
... dense plexus in layers IV and VI. Most of these fibers extended vertically in the columns and were highly branched (indicated by arrows in Fig. 1B). Different types of axon were also present. They entered SI distant from target sites, extended toward the brain surface, then sharply turned toward the ...
Contributions of cortical feedback to sensory processing in primary
... superficial pyramidal cells up to the next higher cortical level to update internal models (reviewed in detail Friston, 2005; Clark, 2013). Several models in which neurons engage in probabilistic processing in order to infer the causes of their inputs have been proposed (e.g., Rao and Ballard, 1999; ...
... superficial pyramidal cells up to the next higher cortical level to update internal models (reviewed in detail Friston, 2005; Clark, 2013). Several models in which neurons engage in probabilistic processing in order to infer the causes of their inputs have been proposed (e.g., Rao and Ballard, 1999; ...
Oriented Axon Projections in Primary Visual Cortex of the Monkey
... in the right part of visual space, to the appropriate eye, and within a small range of orientations. The anatomical substrates for the first two properties (retinotopy and ocular dominance) are the thalamic inputs to layer 4, whereas selectivity for orientation has no established anatomical basis in ...
... in the right part of visual space, to the appropriate eye, and within a small range of orientations. The anatomical substrates for the first two properties (retinotopy and ocular dominance) are the thalamic inputs to layer 4, whereas selectivity for orientation has no established anatomical basis in ...
Development of GAP-43 mRNA in the macaque cerebral cortex
... To estimate the extent of axonal growth in various areas of the cerebral cortex, we measured the amount of GAP-43 mRNA in the cerebral cortex of developing macaque monkeys. In four areas, i.e., the prefrontal area ŽFDD ., the temporal association area ŽTE., the primary somatosensory area ŽPC., and t ...
... To estimate the extent of axonal growth in various areas of the cerebral cortex, we measured the amount of GAP-43 mRNA in the cerebral cortex of developing macaque monkeys. In four areas, i.e., the prefrontal area ŽFDD ., the temporal association area ŽTE., the primary somatosensory area ŽPC., and t ...
Towards the integration of neural mechanisms and cognition in
... this theory are available, it is very promising. Beyond the great relevance for science, the natural application of these studies is the robotics field. In the last decades, several approaches have been proposed to design intelligent machines on the basis of scientific findings, especially from neur ...
... this theory are available, it is very promising. Beyond the great relevance for science, the natural application of these studies is the robotics field. In the last decades, several approaches have been proposed to design intelligent machines on the basis of scientific findings, especially from neur ...
a review with emphasis on the projections of specific thalamic nuclei
... DeAmicisZo”), and thus deafferentation might not significantly influence the interpretation of studies using the method of retrograde cell degeneration. There are, however, a number of difficulties which should be kept in mind when considering the results of retrograde degeneration studies. One of t ...
... DeAmicisZo”), and thus deafferentation might not significantly influence the interpretation of studies using the method of retrograde cell degeneration. There are, however, a number of difficulties which should be kept in mind when considering the results of retrograde degeneration studies. One of t ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... Altered converging effects on auditory cortex (AC) from the two parallel paths were noted from the ventral division of medial geniculate (MGV), which is considered a lemniscal structure, and the medial division of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGM), which is considered extralemniscal. Effects from ...
... Altered converging effects on auditory cortex (AC) from the two parallel paths were noted from the ventral division of medial geniculate (MGV), which is considered a lemniscal structure, and the medial division of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGM), which is considered extralemniscal. Effects from ...
Models and Measurements of Functional Maps in V1
... single-unit recordings (Blasdel 1992a,b; Blasdel and Salama 1986; Bonhoeffer and Grinvald 1991; Bonhoeffer et al. 1995). Orientation preference and ocular dominance maps were found to be interrelated, tending to run perpendicularly to one another (Crair et al. 1997; Hubener et al. 1997; Obermayer an ...
... single-unit recordings (Blasdel 1992a,b; Blasdel and Salama 1986; Bonhoeffer and Grinvald 1991; Bonhoeffer et al. 1995). Orientation preference and ocular dominance maps were found to be interrelated, tending to run perpendicularly to one another (Crair et al. 1997; Hubener et al. 1997; Obermayer an ...
From sensorimotor learning to memory cells in prefrontal and
... modulation of extracellular calcium concentrations would therefore be most pronounced. Hence, experiments using visual stimuli should elicit stronger memory cell activity in the directly stimulated primary sensory areas, but not in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, where stimulus-elicited activation t ...
... modulation of extracellular calcium concentrations would therefore be most pronounced. Hence, experiments using visual stimuli should elicit stronger memory cell activity in the directly stimulated primary sensory areas, but not in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, where stimulus-elicited activation t ...
Network structure underlying resolution of conflicting non
... each fMRI signal was defined as an averaged value in a 4 mm-radius sphere in each region (Morishima et al., 2010). Each psychological factor was defined as a regressor contrasting V resolution trials and NV resolution trials. For example, PPIs among V regions and V&NV regions were calculated as enha ...
... each fMRI signal was defined as an averaged value in a 4 mm-radius sphere in each region (Morishima et al., 2010). Each psychological factor was defined as a regressor contrasting V resolution trials and NV resolution trials. For example, PPIs among V regions and V&NV regions were calculated as enha ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.