Directional Selection on a discrete trait
... A greater rate of nonsynonymous substitutions (Ka) than synonymous (Ks) is used as an indication of positive selection (Ka/Ks >1) If Ks > Ka, or Ka/Ks < 1, that would suggest purifying selection, that selection might be preserving amino acid composition ...
... A greater rate of nonsynonymous substitutions (Ka) than synonymous (Ks) is used as an indication of positive selection (Ka/Ks >1) If Ks > Ka, or Ka/Ks < 1, that would suggest purifying selection, that selection might be preserving amino acid composition ...
Using Disruptive Selection to Maintain Diversity in Genetic Algorithms
... a nonmonotonic fitness function that is quite different from conventional monotonic fitness functions. Unlike conventional selection methods, this method favors both superior and inferior individuals. Since genetic algorithms allocate exponentially increasing numbers of trials to the observed better ...
... a nonmonotonic fitness function that is quite different from conventional monotonic fitness functions. Unlike conventional selection methods, this method favors both superior and inferior individuals. Since genetic algorithms allocate exponentially increasing numbers of trials to the observed better ...
Development of Highly Sensitive Immunochromatographic Detection
... about one thirtieth by the washing. Next, the silver ion solution is immediately filled into the space between the intermediate member and the porous carrier (Fig. 8). As a result, the amplification reaction takes place uniformly over the porous carrier. We believe that any other supply method can h ...
... about one thirtieth by the washing. Next, the silver ion solution is immediately filled into the space between the intermediate member and the porous carrier (Fig. 8). As a result, the amplification reaction takes place uniformly over the porous carrier. We believe that any other supply method can h ...
does frequency-dependent selection with complex - GEPV
... Additional complications arise in plants with sporophytic SI, where phenotypes at the S-locus are determined sporophytically in pollen, and complex patterns of dominance interactions occur among S-haplotypes (Bateman 1952). In particular, S-haplotypes may be ranked according to a linear dominance hi ...
... Additional complications arise in plants with sporophytic SI, where phenotypes at the S-locus are determined sporophytically in pollen, and complex patterns of dominance interactions occur among S-haplotypes (Bateman 1952). In particular, S-haplotypes may be ranked according to a linear dominance hi ...
Camellia Viruses - Atlantic Coast Camellia Society
... The mania disappeared when some one worked out that the trait could be transferred by grafting. ...
... The mania disappeared when some one worked out that the trait could be transferred by grafting. ...
Virus Inactivation - Evaluation of Processes used in Biowaste
... rapidly, mainly in the form of large-scale production units with dense poultry populations, it is important to find hygienically appropriate disposal methods for poultry waste such as HW. In the event of an epizootic outbreak, such as avian influenza or Newcastle disease, hatcheries could be at risk ...
... rapidly, mainly in the form of large-scale production units with dense poultry populations, it is important to find hygienically appropriate disposal methods for poultry waste such as HW. In the event of an epizootic outbreak, such as avian influenza or Newcastle disease, hatcheries could be at risk ...
National Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Plan
... reassortment. This strain had genetic material from swine, human and avian influenza viruses. This outbreak rapidly spread across the globe within a few months and WHO declared it a pandemic by July 2009. This pandemic affected over 200 countries and caused over 18,00 ...
... reassortment. This strain had genetic material from swine, human and avian influenza viruses. This outbreak rapidly spread across the globe within a few months and WHO declared it a pandemic by July 2009. This pandemic affected over 200 countries and caused over 18,00 ...
Exam Test 1. Who was father of microbiology? A. Robert Koch B
... fractional sterilization – three times one after the other during one day, 30 min. D. fractional sterilization – 2 days one after the other, 30 min. 61. What is tyndalization? A. single sterilization by water bath at 98-100 °С during 30 minutes B. sterilization by water bath at 98-100 °С during a ho ...
... fractional sterilization – three times one after the other during one day, 30 min. D. fractional sterilization – 2 days one after the other, 30 min. 61. What is tyndalization? A. single sterilization by water bath at 98-100 °С during 30 minutes B. sterilization by water bath at 98-100 °С during a ho ...
Estimation of spontaneous genome-wide mutation rate
... considering a population that has evolved for a long time in a constant environment, one can postulate that the population is composed of genotypes ®nely tuned with respect to a myriad of biotic and abiotic conditions and that a random mutation will probably disrupt such ®ne tuning (Fisher, 1999, pp ...
... considering a population that has evolved for a long time in a constant environment, one can postulate that the population is composed of genotypes ®nely tuned with respect to a myriad of biotic and abiotic conditions and that a random mutation will probably disrupt such ®ne tuning (Fisher, 1999, pp ...
Phylogenetic analysis of the insect order Odonata using 28S and
... set. This method can be effective when the partitioned components of the data set include phylogenetic signals consistent with each other, but there are two major conditions that violate this consistency. First, if different sources have not experienced a common lineage, the two data sets could have ...
... set. This method can be effective when the partitioned components of the data set include phylogenetic signals consistent with each other, but there are two major conditions that violate this consistency. First, if different sources have not experienced a common lineage, the two data sets could have ...
Strategy Plan for Execution of Influenza Pandemic Response
... in China showed that as much as 3.1% of wild duck excretion was H5N1 antibody positive, which shows that the virus is adaptive in certain wild fowls and is able to spread along the migratory path of migrant birds. The researches confirmed the important role of migratory birds in H5N1 virus spread an ...
... in China showed that as much as 3.1% of wild duck excretion was H5N1 antibody positive, which shows that the virus is adaptive in certain wild fowls and is able to spread along the migratory path of migrant birds. The researches confirmed the important role of migratory birds in H5N1 virus spread an ...
ABSTRACT An Examination of Non
... as influenza, chickenpox or hepatitis. Like all viruses, HIV contains a protein coat, called a capsid. The capsid acts like an envelope surrounding the rest of the virus, and keeping its genetic information within an outer coat. The capsid contains glycoproteins which act as recognition particles t ...
... as influenza, chickenpox or hepatitis. Like all viruses, HIV contains a protein coat, called a capsid. The capsid acts like an envelope surrounding the rest of the virus, and keeping its genetic information within an outer coat. The capsid contains glycoproteins which act as recognition particles t ...
- Philsci-Archive
... accepted account of genetic variation in populations (is the variation continuous or discontinuous?), evolutionary change (is change gradual or saltational?), and an understanding of the appropriate use of statistical methods for studying these. The emergence of theoretical population genetics, whic ...
... accepted account of genetic variation in populations (is the variation continuous or discontinuous?), evolutionary change (is change gradual or saltational?), and an understanding of the appropriate use of statistical methods for studying these. The emergence of theoretical population genetics, whic ...
Viral croup in children - CEConnection for Allied Health
... bronchi. Croup can be categorized as viral or bacterial. In this article, I’ll focus on viral croup, which is the more common type. Viral croup is also the most common form of airway obstruction in children ages 6 months to 6 years and is one of the leading causes of hospitalization in children unde ...
... bronchi. Croup can be categorized as viral or bacterial. In this article, I’ll focus on viral croup, which is the more common type. Viral croup is also the most common form of airway obstruction in children ages 6 months to 6 years and is one of the leading causes of hospitalization in children unde ...
mini- review - Microbiology
... will pay the cost of the increased production of deleterious mutations. However, if the environment is in some respect novel, adaptation is not perfect and the mutator subpopulation may outcompete the wild-type majority by its association with a higher per-cell number of beneficial mutations. Novel ...
... will pay the cost of the increased production of deleterious mutations. However, if the environment is in some respect novel, adaptation is not perfect and the mutator subpopulation may outcompete the wild-type majority by its association with a higher per-cell number of beneficial mutations. Novel ...
medically important viruses
... Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis can occur. Hepatocellular carcinoma may be related to the integration of part of the viral DNA into hepatocyte DNA. Laboratory Diagnosis: HBV has not been grown in cell culture. Three serologic tests are commonly used: surface antigen (HBsAg), surface antibody (HBsAb) ...
... Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis can occur. Hepatocellular carcinoma may be related to the integration of part of the viral DNA into hepatocyte DNA. Laboratory Diagnosis: HBV has not been grown in cell culture. Three serologic tests are commonly used: surface antigen (HBsAg), surface antibody (HBsAb) ...
ADOPS - Automatic Detection Of Positively Selected Sites 1
... Understanding the molecular basis of evolution is one of the main goals of Biology. Changes in gene expression levels, as well as in protein sequences, may be adaptive and several processes to infer deviations from neutrality using DNA sequence data are available (see for instance, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]). ...
... Understanding the molecular basis of evolution is one of the main goals of Biology. Changes in gene expression levels, as well as in protein sequences, may be adaptive and several processes to infer deviations from neutrality using DNA sequence data are available (see for instance, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]). ...
View Sample
... • Following the acute phase, request referral to physical, occupational, and/or speech therapy, as appropriate • Assess patient/family member anxiety level and coping ability; educate and encourage discussion about encephalitis pathophysiology, risk factors, potential complications, treatment risks ...
... • Following the acute phase, request referral to physical, occupational, and/or speech therapy, as appropriate • Assess patient/family member anxiety level and coping ability; educate and encourage discussion about encephalitis pathophysiology, risk factors, potential complications, treatment risks ...
Fluorescein Angiography Basics
... count and HIV viral load when managing these patients These monitor the progression of HIV infection Normal CD4 = 1,000 cells/mm3 Average decline of 85 cells/year Retinitis develops at ~ 50-75 cells/mm3 Return to clinic based on CD4 count ...
... count and HIV viral load when managing these patients These monitor the progression of HIV infection Normal CD4 = 1,000 cells/mm3 Average decline of 85 cells/year Retinitis develops at ~ 50-75 cells/mm3 Return to clinic based on CD4 count ...
Compatible genetic and ecological estimates of dispersal rates in
... estimates of interpatch dispersal. By contrast, other studies simply highlight the problems associated with establishing a relationship between direct observations of migration and their genetic counterparts, often because populations have poorly defined boundaries or lack substantial genetic differ ...
... estimates of interpatch dispersal. By contrast, other studies simply highlight the problems associated with establishing a relationship between direct observations of migration and their genetic counterparts, often because populations have poorly defined boundaries or lack substantial genetic differ ...
Future Global Shocks: Pandemics
... influenza disease. People infected with the new subtype are not completely protected by the previous season’s vaccine. In addition, HA and NA can undergo major changes creating an influenza A virus subtype to which the population has no preexisting immunity. The viruses that result from these shifts ...
... influenza disease. People infected with the new subtype are not completely protected by the previous season’s vaccine. In addition, HA and NA can undergo major changes creating an influenza A virus subtype to which the population has no preexisting immunity. The viruses that result from these shifts ...
The scope of Population Genetics Forces acting on allele
... • Consider a population with N diploid individuals. The total number of gene copies is then 2N. • Initial allele frequencies for A and a are p and q, and we randomly draw WITH REPLACEMENT enough gene copies to make the next generation. • The probability of drawing i copies of allele A is: ...
... • Consider a population with N diploid individuals. The total number of gene copies is then 2N. • Initial allele frequencies for A and a are p and q, and we randomly draw WITH REPLACEMENT enough gene copies to make the next generation. • The probability of drawing i copies of allele A is: ...
Models of Selection, Isolation, and Gene Flow in Speciation
... to simulate genealogies under different combinations of population-model parameters, and to illustrate their individual or combined effects on expected patterns of gene trees that might be observed in empirical studies (Ewing and Hermisson, 2010). Selection and gene flow in genealogies Among several ...
... to simulate genealogies under different combinations of population-model parameters, and to illustrate their individual or combined effects on expected patterns of gene trees that might be observed in empirical studies (Ewing and Hermisson, 2010). Selection and gene flow in genealogies Among several ...
DESIGNING ARTIFICIAL SELECTION EXPERIMENTS
... similar to that of random drift, except that the variance of these effects would not be cumulative over generations. If interaction is present, changing environments over generations would result in lower genetic gains than would be expected in a constant environment, because selection would be f o ...
... similar to that of random drift, except that the variance of these effects would not be cumulative over generations. If interaction is present, changing environments over generations would result in lower genetic gains than would be expected in a constant environment, because selection would be f o ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.