Stochasticity in the Genotype-Phenotype Map
... matches the likelihood of the environment selecting for that phenotype, provided that fluctuations are not sufficiently slow that adaptation through genetic mutation can occur, or so fast that no individuals of any phenotype can survive and reproduce. Further theoretical work by Botero et al. (2015) c ...
... matches the likelihood of the environment selecting for that phenotype, provided that fluctuations are not sufficiently slow that adaptation through genetic mutation can occur, or so fast that no individuals of any phenotype can survive and reproduce. Further theoretical work by Botero et al. (2015) c ...
Adult Immunizations
... When immediately available, LAIV should be used for healthy children aged 2 through 8 years who have no contraindications or precautions . If LAIV is not immediately available, IIV should be used. Persons who care for severely immunosuppressed persons who require a protective environment should not ...
... When immediately available, LAIV should be used for healthy children aged 2 through 8 years who have no contraindications or precautions . If LAIV is not immediately available, IIV should be used. Persons who care for severely immunosuppressed persons who require a protective environment should not ...
Ocular Manifestations of Ebola Virus Disease: An Ophthalmologist`s
... strain responsible for the last outbreak is that, given its genetic closeness with the two strains responsible for the most recent outbreaks, it probably derived from both these specimens. However, it underwent human adaptive mutations, which ultimately increased the person-to-person transmission [1 ...
... strain responsible for the last outbreak is that, given its genetic closeness with the two strains responsible for the most recent outbreaks, it probably derived from both these specimens. However, it underwent human adaptive mutations, which ultimately increased the person-to-person transmission [1 ...
Guidance on Pandemic Influenza Planning for MN Local Public
... Two types of influenza viruses cause disease in humans: type A and type B. Influenza A viruses are composed of two major antigenic structures essential to vaccines and immunity: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The structure of these two components defines the virus subtype. A minor change i ...
... Two types of influenza viruses cause disease in humans: type A and type B. Influenza A viruses are composed of two major antigenic structures essential to vaccines and immunity: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The structure of these two components defines the virus subtype. A minor change i ...
Guidance on Pandemic Influenza Planning for MN Local Public
... Two types of influenza viruses cause disease in humans: type A and type B. Influenza A viruses are composed of two major antigenic structures essential to vaccines and immunity: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The structure of these two components defines the virus subtype. A minor change i ...
... Two types of influenza viruses cause disease in humans: type A and type B. Influenza A viruses are composed of two major antigenic structures essential to vaccines and immunity: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The structure of these two components defines the virus subtype. A minor change i ...
Quantifying the Slightly Deleterious Mutation Model of Molecular
... molecular evolution per unit time across diverse taxa is only expected if the mutation rate per year is constant; yet, it seems more likely that the mutation rate should be constant per generation. Ohta and Kimura (1971) suggested a way in which this problem could be resolved under the neutral theor ...
... molecular evolution per unit time across diverse taxa is only expected if the mutation rate per year is constant; yet, it seems more likely that the mutation rate should be constant per generation. Ohta and Kimura (1971) suggested a way in which this problem could be resolved under the neutral theor ...
Severe Febrile Respiratory Illnesses As a Cause
... SEVERE FEBRILE RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES AS slightly different strains developing each year due to genetic variation.14 Though these strains vary yearly through antigenic drift, a large re-assortment, or antigenic shift, in the virus is more uncommon. This re-assortment occurs when the genome of one st ...
... SEVERE FEBRILE RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES AS slightly different strains developing each year due to genetic variation.14 Though these strains vary yearly through antigenic drift, a large re-assortment, or antigenic shift, in the virus is more uncommon. This re-assortment occurs when the genome of one st ...
Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region
... infection, have attributes that are disfavored by the host immune system, and have yet to be generated by any vaccine strategy (Haynes et al., 2012; Mascola and Haynes, 2013). One fundamental challenge has been the development of native-like Env trimers capable of expressing bnAb epitopes while shie ...
... infection, have attributes that are disfavored by the host immune system, and have yet to be generated by any vaccine strategy (Haynes et al., 2012; Mascola and Haynes, 2013). One fundamental challenge has been the development of native-like Env trimers capable of expressing bnAb epitopes while shie ...
A non-zero variance of Tajima`s estimator for two
... Let δ be the probability that a randomly sampled pair of individuals is very closely related, for example as full Under the standard coalescent model (Kingman, 1982), siblings. Let be some arbitrary value smaller than the θˆi is Poisson distributed with mean 2µTi , where Ti is the difference betwe ...
... Let δ be the probability that a randomly sampled pair of individuals is very closely related, for example as full Under the standard coalescent model (Kingman, 1982), siblings. Let be some arbitrary value smaller than the θˆi is Poisson distributed with mean 2µTi , where Ti is the difference betwe ...
A non-zero variance of Tajima`s estimator for two
... Let δ be the probability that a randomly sampled pair of individuals is very closely related, for example as full Under the standard coalescent model (Kingman, 1982), siblings. Let be some arbitrary value smaller than the θˆi is Poisson distributed with mean 2µTi , where Ti is the difference betwe ...
... Let δ be the probability that a randomly sampled pair of individuals is very closely related, for example as full Under the standard coalescent model (Kingman, 1982), siblings. Let be some arbitrary value smaller than the θˆi is Poisson distributed with mean 2µTi , where Ti is the difference betwe ...
The treatment and prophylaxis of influenza: PHE guidance 2014-15
... Treatment should be started as early as possible but should always be given, no matter how long after onset of illness. Do not wait for laboratory confirmation. Previous influenza immunisation does not exclude influenza. Duration of therapy depends on clinical response. Test for antiviral resistance ...
... Treatment should be started as early as possible but should always be given, no matter how long after onset of illness. Do not wait for laboratory confirmation. Previous influenza immunisation does not exclude influenza. Duration of therapy depends on clinical response. Test for antiviral resistance ...
Cultivation of the viruses
... The air is an unfavourable medium for microbes. The absence of nutrient substances, the presence of moisture, optimal temperature, the lethal activity of sunlight, and desiccation do not create conditions for keeping microbes viable and most of them perish. However, the relatively short period durin ...
... The air is an unfavourable medium for microbes. The absence of nutrient substances, the presence of moisture, optimal temperature, the lethal activity of sunlight, and desiccation do not create conditions for keeping microbes viable and most of them perish. However, the relatively short period durin ...
Commentary Wolbachia John H. Werren
... eukaryotes are extremely common, and they range from mutualistic (beneficial) to commensal (neutral) and parasitic (harmful). Vertical vs. horizontal transmission mode is believed to play an important role in determining whether parasitic or mutualistic interactions evolve (1–5). According to this v ...
... eukaryotes are extremely common, and they range from mutualistic (beneficial) to commensal (neutral) and parasitic (harmful). Vertical vs. horizontal transmission mode is believed to play an important role in determining whether parasitic or mutualistic interactions evolve (1–5). According to this v ...
Positive Heuristics in Evolutionary Biology
... and less with their theoretical adequacy. I do feel the maxim 'gene frequency changes are evolution' captures in essence the population genetics. approach as well as providing the basis of a formal framework within which population geneticists as well as other evolutionary biologists work. I claim t ...
... and less with their theoretical adequacy. I do feel the maxim 'gene frequency changes are evolution' captures in essence the population genetics. approach as well as providing the basis of a formal framework within which population geneticists as well as other evolutionary biologists work. I claim t ...
Recombination and the Frequency Spectrum in
... species groups, 10 generations per year, and the highest synonymous site divergence rate observed at any gene (Li 1997). For this û, the average estimate of Ne across loci (weighting each locus equally) was roughly 106 for D. melanogaster and 2 3 106 for D. simulans. The use of lower mutation rates ...
... species groups, 10 generations per year, and the highest synonymous site divergence rate observed at any gene (Li 1997). For this û, the average estimate of Ne across loci (weighting each locus equally) was roughly 106 for D. melanogaster and 2 3 106 for D. simulans. The use of lower mutation rates ...
Template LTC Pandemic Plan MHCA updated 082406
... Because of the unique role of long-term care facilities in the community, reaction to a pandemic influenza will be primarily to protect our residents and staff. This Pandemic influenza plan is designed to go into effect at Level 3/WHO Phase 5 or above. This plan shall be incorporated into emergency ...
... Because of the unique role of long-term care facilities in the community, reaction to a pandemic influenza will be primarily to protect our residents and staff. This Pandemic influenza plan is designed to go into effect at Level 3/WHO Phase 5 or above. This plan shall be incorporated into emergency ...
Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis Among
... by Cryptosporidium are commonly associated with recreational water, including waterparks and swimming pools, whereas outbreaks associated with zoonotic transmission outside of farm settings are less frequently reported (2). The cryptosporidiosis outbreak described in this report was associated with ...
... by Cryptosporidium are commonly associated with recreational water, including waterparks and swimming pools, whereas outbreaks associated with zoonotic transmission outside of farm settings are less frequently reported (2). The cryptosporidiosis outbreak described in this report was associated with ...
Pleistocene Speciation and the Mitochondrial DNA Clock
... of substitution estimated for the cytochrome b gene under the best-fit model (the gammaHKY85 model in each case) was 0.0278 and 0.0252 substitutions per site per lineage per My, respectively, or more than 2.5 times faster than the rate predicted by a 2% per My mtDNA clock (0.01 substitutions per sit ...
... of substitution estimated for the cytochrome b gene under the best-fit model (the gammaHKY85 model in each case) was 0.0278 and 0.0252 substitutions per site per lineage per My, respectively, or more than 2.5 times faster than the rate predicted by a 2% per My mtDNA clock (0.01 substitutions per sit ...
The Units of Selection
... bility, and probability of fertilization of gametes that arises from their own haploid genotype, independent of the genotype of the parents which formed them. Thus, differences in germination of seeds or hatching of eggs arising from different amounts of nutritive material are not gametic selection ...
... bility, and probability of fertilization of gametes that arises from their own haploid genotype, independent of the genotype of the parents which formed them. Thus, differences in germination of seeds or hatching of eggs arising from different amounts of nutritive material are not gametic selection ...
The Evolutionary Unfolding of Complexity
... Note that in epochal dynamics there is a natural separation of time scales. During an epoch selection acts to establish an equilibrium in the proportions of individuals in the dierent neutral subspaces, but it does not induce adaptations in the population. Adaptation occurs only in a short burst du ...
... Note that in epochal dynamics there is a natural separation of time scales. During an epoch selection acts to establish an equilibrium in the proportions of individuals in the dierent neutral subspaces, but it does not induce adaptations in the population. Adaptation occurs only in a short burst du ...
RNA viruses in the sea - Associação Brasileira de Medicina
... those that package positive-sense (coding) and negativesense (noncoding) RNA molecules into the viral particles. To illustrate the diversity and importance of RNA viruses in the sea, here we review the present knowledge of RNA viruses in the sea, organized first by virus taxonomic assignment and the ...
... those that package positive-sense (coding) and negativesense (noncoding) RNA molecules into the viral particles. To illustrate the diversity and importance of RNA viruses in the sea, here we review the present knowledge of RNA viruses in the sea, organized first by virus taxonomic assignment and the ...
Nucleic acid hybridisation and polymerase chain reaction
... selected primers should be less than 600 bases pairs (bp) apart. Optimisation of PCR The basic c o m p o n e n t s of a P C R r e a c t i o n are the p r i m e r s , deoxynucleotides (dNTPs), a buffer containing magnesium chloride, a thermostable D N A polymerase and target D N A . T h e concentrati ...
... selected primers should be less than 600 bases pairs (bp) apart. Optimisation of PCR The basic c o m p o n e n t s of a P C R r e a c t i o n are the p r i m e r s , deoxynucleotides (dNTPs), a buffer containing magnesium chloride, a thermostable D N A polymerase and target D N A . T h e concentrati ...
A 23-Year-Old Man With Fever and Malaise
... The use of NAAT from a public health perspective has been additionally investigated since the Baltimore study. A North Carolina study conducted between 2002 and 2003 investigated the utility of pooled NAAT in HIV screening. Of 109,250 patients tested at publicly funded sites, 583 were HIV-antibody p ...
... The use of NAAT from a public health perspective has been additionally investigated since the Baltimore study. A North Carolina study conducted between 2002 and 2003 investigated the utility of pooled NAAT in HIV screening. Of 109,250 patients tested at publicly funded sites, 583 were HIV-antibody p ...
A 23-Year-Old Man With Fever and Malaise
... The use of NAAT from a public health perspective has been additionally investigated since the Baltimore study. A North Carolina study conducted between 2002 and 2003 investigated the utility of pooled NAAT in HIV screening. Of 109,250 patients tested at publicly funded sites, 583 were HIV-antibody p ...
... The use of NAAT from a public health perspective has been additionally investigated since the Baltimore study. A North Carolina study conducted between 2002 and 2003 investigated the utility of pooled NAAT in HIV screening. Of 109,250 patients tested at publicly funded sites, 583 were HIV-antibody p ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.