Ugandan Kaposi`s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Phylogeny
... Viral genomic DNA was isolated from white blood cells collected from 56 patients presenting with KS at the Uganda Cancer Institute in Kampala between June and August 2001. The blood samples were initially collected for routine laboratory evaluation of patients undergoing chemotherapy. Written consen ...
... Viral genomic DNA was isolated from white blood cells collected from 56 patients presenting with KS at the Uganda Cancer Institute in Kampala between June and August 2001. The blood samples were initially collected for routine laboratory evaluation of patients undergoing chemotherapy. Written consen ...
Distinguishing between population bottleneck and population
... Although most natural populations are genetically subdivided, they are often analysed as if they were panmictic units. In particular, signals of past demographic size changes are often inferred from genetic data by assuming that the analysed sample is drawn from a population without any internal sub ...
... Although most natural populations are genetically subdivided, they are often analysed as if they were panmictic units. In particular, signals of past demographic size changes are often inferred from genetic data by assuming that the analysed sample is drawn from a population without any internal sub ...
- Megan Woolfit
... to synonymous substitutions. Firstly, speciation may be associated with a reduction in effective population size (Ne ) either temporarily (e.g., species formed from small peripheral isolates) or permanently (e.g., lower carrying capacity of new niche). Reduced Ne should lead to less efficient select ...
... to synonymous substitutions. Firstly, speciation may be associated with a reduction in effective population size (Ne ) either temporarily (e.g., species formed from small peripheral isolates) or permanently (e.g., lower carrying capacity of new niche). Reduced Ne should lead to less efficient select ...
CHAPTER 5 Tropical Fevers: Part A. Viral, bacterial, and fungal
... Febrile patients may also have chronic or recurrent medical problems that are unrelated to their tropical exposure, including non-infectious disease e.g. autoimmune or malignant conditions. In approaching a pyrexial patient, therefore, a general medical history should aim to elicit the presence of a ...
... Febrile patients may also have chronic or recurrent medical problems that are unrelated to their tropical exposure, including non-infectious disease e.g. autoimmune or malignant conditions. In approaching a pyrexial patient, therefore, a general medical history should aim to elicit the presence of a ...
点击进入 - Sun Yat-sen University
... • AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. ...
... • AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. ...
Ebola Virus Disease - Journal of the American Physicians and
... with a 92% fatality rate. The simultaneous Sudan ebolavirus outbreak had a 50% fatality rate.15,16 In 1990, a mysterious outbreak of fatal illness occurred in Philippine-imported Cynomolgus crab-eating macaque monkeys at a primate holding facility in Reston, Va. Researchers eventually determined thi ...
... with a 92% fatality rate. The simultaneous Sudan ebolavirus outbreak had a 50% fatality rate.15,16 In 1990, a mysterious outbreak of fatal illness occurred in Philippine-imported Cynomolgus crab-eating macaque monkeys at a primate holding facility in Reston, Va. Researchers eventually determined thi ...
A Laboratory on Population Genetics and Evolution
... Run the simulation for 25 generations. This will illustrate that a fair amount of genetic drift occurs with a sample size as small as 50 individuals. Running the simulation several times will show that the allele frequencies diverge substantially from the expected equilibrium values of 0.5 and that ...
... Run the simulation for 25 generations. This will illustrate that a fair amount of genetic drift occurs with a sample size as small as 50 individuals. Running the simulation several times will show that the allele frequencies diverge substantially from the expected equilibrium values of 0.5 and that ...
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (FluMist®) Questions and
... 2 to under 9 years of age: 1 or 2 doses given as 0.2mL (0.1mL in each nostril) intranasal spray. • A 2nd dose of influenza vaccine is recommended 4 weeks later for children who have never previously received an influenza vaccine. 9 to 17 years of age: 1 dose given as 0.2mL (0.1mL in each nostril) in ...
... 2 to under 9 years of age: 1 or 2 doses given as 0.2mL (0.1mL in each nostril) intranasal spray. • A 2nd dose of influenza vaccine is recommended 4 weeks later for children who have never previously received an influenza vaccine. 9 to 17 years of age: 1 dose given as 0.2mL (0.1mL in each nostril) in ...
HIV/AIDS - IndiaStudyChannel.com
... • Those who are infected are capable of infecting others without having symptoms or knowing of the infection ...
... • Those who are infected are capable of infecting others without having symptoms or knowing of the infection ...
On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six
... A global phylogeny of major eukaryotic lineages is a significant and ongoing challenge to molecular phylogenetics. Currently, there are five hypothesized major lineages or ‘supergroups’ of eukaryotes. One of these, the chromalveolates, represents a large fraction of protist and algal diversity. The ...
... A global phylogeny of major eukaryotic lineages is a significant and ongoing challenge to molecular phylogenetics. Currently, there are five hypothesized major lineages or ‘supergroups’ of eukaryotes. One of these, the chromalveolates, represents a large fraction of protist and algal diversity. The ...
Why do more divergent sequences produce smaller non
... Several studies have reported a negative correlation between estimates of the nonsynonymous to synonymous rate ratio (ω = dN /dS ) and the sequence distance d in pairwise comparisons of the same gene from different species. That is, more divergent sequences produce smaller estimates of ω. Explanatio ...
... Several studies have reported a negative correlation between estimates of the nonsynonymous to synonymous rate ratio (ω = dN /dS ) and the sequence distance d in pairwise comparisons of the same gene from different species. That is, more divergent sequences produce smaller estimates of ω. Explanatio ...
- Opus: Online Publications Store
... if its phenotypic distance is smaller than 2 standard deviations, we count it as in pC,C , otherwise it will be counted as in pC,F . Similarly, for each mutant that is derived from F, if its phenotypic distance is greater than 2 standard deviations, we count it as in pF,F , otherwise it will be coun ...
... if its phenotypic distance is smaller than 2 standard deviations, we count it as in pC,C , otherwise it will be counted as in pC,F . Similarly, for each mutant that is derived from F, if its phenotypic distance is greater than 2 standard deviations, we count it as in pF,F , otherwise it will be coun ...
respiratory infectious disease burden in australia
... Each year in Australia, pneumonia results in several hundred thousand general practice consultations and more than 40,000 hospital admissions. Pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in Australia and is a major cause of hospital-acquired morbidity and mortality. The very young and the elderly ...
... Each year in Australia, pneumonia results in several hundred thousand general practice consultations and more than 40,000 hospital admissions. Pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in Australia and is a major cause of hospital-acquired morbidity and mortality. The very young and the elderly ...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome
... million are actually receiving treatment (Faulhaber & Aberg, 2009). This vast difference is a result of deficient knowledge regarding HIV, as well as a lack of available resources. In order to understand how HIV/AIDS is such a widespread and continually growing issue, the causes and transmission of ...
... million are actually receiving treatment (Faulhaber & Aberg, 2009). This vast difference is a result of deficient knowledge regarding HIV, as well as a lack of available resources. In order to understand how HIV/AIDS is such a widespread and continually growing issue, the causes and transmission of ...
Effects of linkage on response to directional selection from new
... in the model had to be specified, for example the number of loci, the effects and initial frequency of each gene and, in most cases, the recombination fraction between adjacent loci. In our model all that have to be specified, in addition to the basic assumption of additive gene action, are: (i) the ...
... in the model had to be specified, for example the number of loci, the effects and initial frequency of each gene and, in most cases, the recombination fraction between adjacent loci. In our model all that have to be specified, in addition to the basic assumption of additive gene action, are: (i) the ...
Analysis of Selection, Mutation and Recombination in Genetic
... STEP5: The o spring does local hill-climbing. It replaces the parent, if it is better than some criterion (acceptance) STEP6: If not nished, return to STEP3. It has to be noticed that each individual may use a di erent local hill-climbing method. This feature will be important for problems, where t ...
... STEP5: The o spring does local hill-climbing. It replaces the parent, if it is better than some criterion (acceptance) STEP6: If not nished, return to STEP3. It has to be noticed that each individual may use a di erent local hill-climbing method. This feature will be important for problems, where t ...
Measures of Divergence Between Populations and the Effect of
... this study of fw, we have pB 5 pD 5 0.0040. This is only 1.6 times the estimate of pD for f and is unlikely to be statistically significantly different, given the high sampling and stochastic evolutionary variances of these statistics (Lynch and Crease 1990; Wakeley 1996). The corresponding ratio of ...
... this study of fw, we have pB 5 pD 5 0.0040. This is only 1.6 times the estimate of pD for f and is unlikely to be statistically significantly different, given the high sampling and stochastic evolutionary variances of these statistics (Lynch and Crease 1990; Wakeley 1996). The corresponding ratio of ...
The stationary distribution of a continuously varying strategy in a
... in the long run reach a stationary distribution, which provides the phenotypic distribution in the population under a mutation–selection–drift balance. Nevertheless, the analysis of such a demo-genetic stochastic process is very involved mathematically even in the simple case of a haploid iteroparou ...
... in the long run reach a stationary distribution, which provides the phenotypic distribution in the population under a mutation–selection–drift balance. Nevertheless, the analysis of such a demo-genetic stochastic process is very involved mathematically even in the simple case of a haploid iteroparou ...
Darwinian adaptation, population genetics and the streetcar theory
... those found in standard population genetics. As it often happened in theoretical physics, complicated systems may turn out to have simple properties if one learns to ask the appropriate questions. A major aim of the present paper is to show that this is also true for the biological systems under inv ...
... those found in standard population genetics. As it often happened in theoretical physics, complicated systems may turn out to have simple properties if one learns to ask the appropriate questions. A major aim of the present paper is to show that this is also true for the biological systems under inv ...
Contingency Plan for Management of Human Cases of Avian Influenza
... developed contingency plans for surveillance and containment of cases among birds. Any entry of the Avian Influenza in India would be through infected birds, which will manifest as clustering of deaths amongst birds. In that scenario, it is possible that any human in contact with the infected birds ...
... developed contingency plans for surveillance and containment of cases among birds. Any entry of the Avian Influenza in India would be through infected birds, which will manifest as clustering of deaths amongst birds. In that scenario, it is possible that any human in contact with the infected birds ...
National Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan
... Pandemics occur when novel influenza A viruses most probably derived from animal or avian influenza viruses develop ability to spread effectively among people. By definition pandemics involve the circulation of strains for which almost all of the world’s population lack pre-existing immunity. Influe ...
... Pandemics occur when novel influenza A viruses most probably derived from animal or avian influenza viruses develop ability to spread effectively among people. By definition pandemics involve the circulation of strains for which almost all of the world’s population lack pre-existing immunity. Influe ...
Viruses and Prokaryotes
... respond to their environments. They also contain genetic material that carries the code of life. Prokaryotes—such as the bacterium shown in FIGURE 1.1—are clearly living things, since they have each of the traits of life. But are viruses living things? Like living cells, viruses respond to their env ...
... respond to their environments. They also contain genetic material that carries the code of life. Prokaryotes—such as the bacterium shown in FIGURE 1.1—are clearly living things, since they have each of the traits of life. But are viruses living things? Like living cells, viruses respond to their env ...
1 Epistasis Underlying a Fitness Trait within a Natural
... separated from it by dry pine woodlands. We imposed divergent selection for long and short critical photoperiod and then crossed the selected lines from within each sub-population (Table 1). We tested the specific prediction that, if there were genetic variation at epistatically-acting loci in the o ...
... separated from it by dry pine woodlands. We imposed divergent selection for long and short critical photoperiod and then crossed the selected lines from within each sub-population (Table 1). We tested the specific prediction that, if there were genetic variation at epistatically-acting loci in the o ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.