Lethal Mutagenesis of Bacteria
... is the mean relative fitness of an equilibrium asexual population with deleterious mutation rate Ud (Kimura and Maruyama 1966), so the left-hand side of (1) is simply the mean absolute fitness at equilibrium (average progeny number). When population fitness declines to the point that the average inf ...
... is the mean relative fitness of an equilibrium asexual population with deleterious mutation rate Ud (Kimura and Maruyama 1966), so the left-hand side of (1) is simply the mean absolute fitness at equilibrium (average progeny number). When population fitness declines to the point that the average inf ...
Influenza Immunisation - Priory Avenue Surgery
... the prevailing strain. This year, 2010-2011, the flu immunisation will also provide protection against the influenza A viral H1N1v strain (swine flu). The flu immunisation will protect 7-8 out of 10 people against infection with flu. It takes up to 14 days for full protection to be reached after hav ...
... the prevailing strain. This year, 2010-2011, the flu immunisation will also provide protection against the influenza A viral H1N1v strain (swine flu). The flu immunisation will protect 7-8 out of 10 people against infection with flu. It takes up to 14 days for full protection to be reached after hav ...
Maximum likelihood methods for detecting adaptive evolution after
... 1999; Bielawski and Yang, 2001). Hence, the apparent period of relaxed selection following gene duplication (e.g., Lynch and Conery, 2000) might also reflect adaptive divergence of duplicate genes at just a subset of amino acid sites. Recent ML models of codon substitution relax the assumption of a ...
... 1999; Bielawski and Yang, 2001). Hence, the apparent period of relaxed selection following gene duplication (e.g., Lynch and Conery, 2000) might also reflect adaptive divergence of duplicate genes at just a subset of amino acid sites. Recent ML models of codon substitution relax the assumption of a ...
ADVANCED OXIDATION TEST RESULTS 2000-2016
... It is a normal reaction to question the long term safety of any product that is effective and uses new or "breakthrough" technology. This type of question has become common as our litigious society has taught us to question things that significantly outperform existing methods or products. The RGF a ...
... It is a normal reaction to question the long term safety of any product that is effective and uses new or "breakthrough" technology. This type of question has become common as our litigious society has taught us to question things that significantly outperform existing methods or products. The RGF a ...
Human Health Issues related to Avian Influenza in Canada (PDF
... instances the ability to transmit the avian virus from mammal to mammal has been observed. The documented history of avian influenza dates back to the last century when “fowl plague”, now known as influenza, was first described in 1878. In 1955 Schafer demonstrated that fowl plague was a member of t ...
... instances the ability to transmit the avian virus from mammal to mammal has been observed. The documented history of avian influenza dates back to the last century when “fowl plague”, now known as influenza, was first described in 1878. In 1955 Schafer demonstrated that fowl plague was a member of t ...
Competition as a source of constraint on life history
... increase in population size and/or decrease in total resource might reduce heritability and thus the rate of trait evolution (Charmantier and Garant, 2005). However, the view that competition contributes only environmental variance may be overly simplistic if among-individual variation in competitiv ...
... increase in population size and/or decrease in total resource might reduce heritability and thus the rate of trait evolution (Charmantier and Garant, 2005). However, the view that competition contributes only environmental variance may be overly simplistic if among-individual variation in competitiv ...
Performance of AccuPlex rEbola GP/NP Reference
... AccuPlex™ rEbola GP/NP Reference Material using recombinant virus technology. The use of recombinant virus, containing target sequences from Ebola virus has many advantages as a NAT quality control material. First, it mimics clinical samples because it undergoes the entire extraction procedure. Seco ...
... AccuPlex™ rEbola GP/NP Reference Material using recombinant virus technology. The use of recombinant virus, containing target sequences from Ebola virus has many advantages as a NAT quality control material. First, it mimics clinical samples because it undergoes the entire extraction procedure. Seco ...
Why Do More Divergent Sequences Produce Smaller
... site of an enzyme may tolerate only very few different amino acids that can stabilize a particular substrate and carry out an enzymatic reaction. Halpern and Bruno (1998; see also Tamuri et al. 2012) proposed a codon substitution model based on a population genetics model of site-specific amino acid ...
... site of an enzyme may tolerate only very few different amino acids that can stabilize a particular substrate and carry out an enzymatic reaction. Halpern and Bruno (1998; see also Tamuri et al. 2012) proposed a codon substitution model based on a population genetics model of site-specific amino acid ...
ROTAVIRUS
... • One strain (serotype 3) is an unmodified rhesus monkey rotavirus (RRV) which does not cause disease in humans • The other three are made by reassortment (genetic recombination) of that monkey RRV with three human rotaviruses of serotypes ...
... • One strain (serotype 3) is an unmodified rhesus monkey rotavirus (RRV) which does not cause disease in humans • The other three are made by reassortment (genetic recombination) of that monkey RRV with three human rotaviruses of serotypes ...
An evolutionary relationship between genetic variation and
... clones. As both state the proportionality with the evolution speed, the question arises whether there should be some relationship between phenotypic variance by the distribution of genes (genetic variation) and phenotypic fluctuations of clones. In general, however, a straightforward relationship bet ...
... clones. As both state the proportionality with the evolution speed, the question arises whether there should be some relationship between phenotypic variance by the distribution of genes (genetic variation) and phenotypic fluctuations of clones. In general, however, a straightforward relationship bet ...
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Pregnancy
... higher the compliance rate will be, leading to successful outcomes in HSV infection management. 4. (C) Cesarean delivery. Neonatal HSV infection acquired from the mother is associated with significant neonatal mortality and morbidity. The recommendation by the American College of Obstetricians and G ...
... higher the compliance rate will be, leading to successful outcomes in HSV infection management. 4. (C) Cesarean delivery. Neonatal HSV infection acquired from the mother is associated with significant neonatal mortality and morbidity. The recommendation by the American College of Obstetricians and G ...
Viruses and Bacteria
... Population Explosion Predicting: Do you think the bacterial population will continue to grow at the same rate? Why or why not? Not likely. The bacteria will continue to reproduce at this rate only as long as the conditions are favorable. ...
... Population Explosion Predicting: Do you think the bacterial population will continue to grow at the same rate? Why or why not? Not likely. The bacteria will continue to reproduce at this rate only as long as the conditions are favorable. ...
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 C2: 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
... However, remember that you will need to define genetic operators (mutation, crossover etc) for any representation that one decides on. ...
... However, remember that you will need to define genetic operators (mutation, crossover etc) for any representation that one decides on. ...
Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
... An individual is encoded (naturally) as a string of l binary digits The fitness f of a candidate solution to the MAXONE problem is the number of ones in its genetic code We start with a population of n random strings. Suppose that l = 10 and n = 6 ...
... An individual is encoded (naturally) as a string of l binary digits The fitness f of a candidate solution to the MAXONE problem is the number of ones in its genetic code We start with a population of n random strings. Suppose that l = 10 and n = 6 ...
INTRODUCTION TO PLANT VIRUSES
... passed through a bacteria-proof filter candle. However, based on previous studies, it was thought that this agent was a toxin. Iwanowski’s experiment was repeated in 1898 by Beijerinck (see Figure 1.2B), who showed that the agent multiplied in infected tissue and called it contagium vivum fluidum (L ...
... passed through a bacteria-proof filter candle. However, based on previous studies, it was thought that this agent was a toxin. Iwanowski’s experiment was repeated in 1898 by Beijerinck (see Figure 1.2B), who showed that the agent multiplied in infected tissue and called it contagium vivum fluidum (L ...
Male-Biased Mutation Rate and Divergence in Autosomal, Z
... 2000; Bartosch-Härlid et al. 2003); the Z chromosome evolves faster than the W chromosome. There is some variation in the different estimates of avian am (1.7 to 6.5), but the confidence intervals associated with these estimates are large, and so far, all estimates have been based on molecular evol ...
... 2000; Bartosch-Härlid et al. 2003); the Z chromosome evolves faster than the W chromosome. There is some variation in the different estimates of avian am (1.7 to 6.5), but the confidence intervals associated with these estimates are large, and so far, all estimates have been based on molecular evol ...
Guidance for Industry Influenza: Developing Drugs for Treatment and/or Prophylaxis
... naturally occurring influenza illness. However, a drug effective in the treatment of seasonal influenza may not be effective or as effective in pandemic influenza or in sporadic cases caused by other novel strains. In addition, changes in seasonal strains, including emergence of resistance, can decr ...
... naturally occurring influenza illness. However, a drug effective in the treatment of seasonal influenza may not be effective or as effective in pandemic influenza or in sporadic cases caused by other novel strains. In addition, changes in seasonal strains, including emergence of resistance, can decr ...
Landscape structure and genetic architecture jointly impact
... that have rather small phenotypic effects (Fisher 1930), in some cases, mutations with large effect on fitness are required for adaptation to novel conditions (Holt and Gomulkiewicz 1997, Orr 2005). For example, adaptation to insecticides in mosquitoes was shown to depend upon rare alleles at just a ...
... that have rather small phenotypic effects (Fisher 1930), in some cases, mutations with large effect on fitness are required for adaptation to novel conditions (Holt and Gomulkiewicz 1997, Orr 2005). For example, adaptation to insecticides in mosquitoes was shown to depend upon rare alleles at just a ...
Management of chronic hepatitis B
... Hepatitis B may cause an acute viral hepatitis; however, acute infection is often asymptomatic. Many individuals with chronic hepatitis B are also asymptomatic. The risk of progression to chronic liver disease depends on the source and timing of infection . Vertical transmission from mother ...
... Hepatitis B may cause an acute viral hepatitis; however, acute infection is often asymptomatic. Many individuals with chronic hepatitis B are also asymptomatic. The risk of progression to chronic liver disease depends on the source and timing of infection . Vertical transmission from mother ...
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
... ¶ A titer of 1280 was used for all samples with a titer of >1280. The dilution of sera in the first well is based on the combination of a 1:10 serum dilution with an equal volume of diluted virus for a final serum dilution referred to as 1:10. In the statistical models, study participants were tre ...
... ¶ A titer of 1280 was used for all samples with a titer of >1280. The dilution of sera in the first well is based on the combination of a 1:10 serum dilution with an equal volume of diluted virus for a final serum dilution referred to as 1:10. In the statistical models, study participants were tre ...
COMPARING ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC VARIANCE AS
... also the converse is true: in the lottery model the strength of selection for a mutation that introduces bet-hedging by changing a phenotypically monomorphic genotype into a phenotypically dimorphic genotype always exceeds the strength of disruptive selection favoring a genetic polymorphism. Thus, i ...
... also the converse is true: in the lottery model the strength of selection for a mutation that introduces bet-hedging by changing a phenotypically monomorphic genotype into a phenotypically dimorphic genotype always exceeds the strength of disruptive selection favoring a genetic polymorphism. Thus, i ...
BK polyomavirus: virus-cell interactions, host immune response, and
... transcription factors are found throughout the P, Q, and R blocks. Sp1 and Ets-1 could play key role in the regulation of viral gene transcription [3]. Finally, the distal region of the NCCR, the S-block contains an estrogen response element, and the initiation site of late gene transcription. The N ...
... transcription factors are found throughout the P, Q, and R blocks. Sp1 and Ets-1 could play key role in the regulation of viral gene transcription [3]. Finally, the distal region of the NCCR, the S-block contains an estrogen response element, and the initiation site of late gene transcription. The N ...
Recombination in HIV and the evolution of drug resistance: for better
... highly complex. Therefore mathematical models are useful tools to delineate the effect of recombination on the evolution of drug resistance. Several mathematical models have been developed to investigate the effect of mutation rate on the diversity of the viral population and its impact on the likel ...
... highly complex. Therefore mathematical models are useful tools to delineate the effect of recombination on the evolution of drug resistance. Several mathematical models have been developed to investigate the effect of mutation rate on the diversity of the viral population and its impact on the likel ...
Experimental evidence that source genetic variation drives
... particles; the probability of infection of an uninfected host cell when it encounters a phage; and the number of host cells likely to be encountered. A novel host could be a sink because any of these quantities are low. We specifically used serial passages combined with dilution to create sinks; a h ...
... particles; the probability of infection of an uninfected host cell when it encounters a phage; and the number of host cells likely to be encountered. A novel host could be a sink because any of these quantities are low. We specifically used serial passages combined with dilution to create sinks; a h ...
Enforcement Procedures for Very High Occupational Exposure Risk
... nose or eyes of an uninfected person. [Ref. 7, App H.] Airborne transmission has been ...
... nose or eyes of an uninfected person. [Ref. 7, App H.] Airborne transmission has been ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.