The Number of Alleles that Can Be Maintained in a Finite Population
... requisite mutations occur the population can reduce the segregation load (CROW 1958) by increasing the number of alleles that are maintained. On the other hand, theeffect of random drift in reducing the number of alleles increases greatly with increase in the number of alleles in the population, bei ...
... requisite mutations occur the population can reduce the segregation load (CROW 1958) by increasing the number of alleles that are maintained. On the other hand, theeffect of random drift in reducing the number of alleles increases greatly with increase in the number of alleles in the population, bei ...
Human herpes virus: Bacteria and periodontium
... and also bone cells. In periodontitis, EBV and HCMV can also infect and alter the activities of defense cells. Perhaps infection of herpes virus in periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis contains fewer viable cells, more T lymphocytes and more B lymphocytes than chronic periodontitis or healthy per ...
... and also bone cells. In periodontitis, EBV and HCMV can also infect and alter the activities of defense cells. Perhaps infection of herpes virus in periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis contains fewer viable cells, more T lymphocytes and more B lymphocytes than chronic periodontitis or healthy per ...
Evolution of parasitism and mutualism between filamentous
... generations, uninfected daughter cells also arise through the stochastic loss of phage replicative form DNA. Though infected cells are resistant to superinfection (infection by another M13 virion), these uninfected bacterial cells can generally be reinfected (Merriam, 1977; Lerner & Model, 1981). Th ...
... generations, uninfected daughter cells also arise through the stochastic loss of phage replicative form DNA. Though infected cells are resistant to superinfection (infection by another M13 virion), these uninfected bacterial cells can generally be reinfected (Merriam, 1977; Lerner & Model, 1981). Th ...
Human herpes virus: Bacteria and periodontium
... and also bone cells. In periodontitis, EBV and HCMV can also infect and alter the activities of defense cells. Perhaps infection of herpes virus in periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis contains fewer viable cells, more T lymphocytes and more B lymphocytes than chronic periodontitis or healthy per ...
... and also bone cells. In periodontitis, EBV and HCMV can also infect and alter the activities of defense cells. Perhaps infection of herpes virus in periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis contains fewer viable cells, more T lymphocytes and more B lymphocytes than chronic periodontitis or healthy per ...
Complex Signatures of Natural Selection at the Duffy Blood Group
... positive natural selection on patterns of linked neutral variation. Detection of the signature of natural selection requires one to distinguish between the effects of natural selection and those of population history. This is a particularly difficult challenge in humans for two main reasons. First, ...
... positive natural selection on patterns of linked neutral variation. Detection of the signature of natural selection requires one to distinguish between the effects of natural selection and those of population history. This is a particularly difficult challenge in humans for two main reasons. First, ...
Conformationally Complex Epitope on Glycoprotein H
... produced by the wild-type virus, with the exception of one variant which produced lower yields. The antibody-resistant phenotype of the LP11 mutant viruses could be partially complemented by growth or titration on wild-type gH-producing cell lines, but the mutants differed in decreased resistance to ...
... produced by the wild-type virus, with the exception of one variant which produced lower yields. The antibody-resistant phenotype of the LP11 mutant viruses could be partially complemented by growth or titration on wild-type gH-producing cell lines, but the mutants differed in decreased resistance to ...
Using Computer Simulation to Understand Mutation
... mutations in a detailed manner from parents to progeny through many generations. Mutations are modeled so as to have a continuous range of effects from lethal to beneficial and to vary in expression from fully dominant to fully recessive. Each mutation’s unique identifier encodes its genotypic fitne ...
... mutations in a detailed manner from parents to progeny through many generations. Mutations are modeled so as to have a continuous range of effects from lethal to beneficial and to vary in expression from fully dominant to fully recessive. Each mutation’s unique identifier encodes its genotypic fitne ...
the long-term evolution of multilocus traits under frequency
... the population. By allowing new alleles to appear through mutation, we can study the long-term evolutionary process of changes in the phenotypic effects of alleles. Mutations occur at rate m per allele per generation and change the phenotypic effect of an allele by an amount drawn from a normal dist ...
... the population. By allowing new alleles to appear through mutation, we can study the long-term evolutionary process of changes in the phenotypic effects of alleles. Mutations occur at rate m per allele per generation and change the phenotypic effect of an allele by an amount drawn from a normal dist ...
Consistent risk group-associated differences in human
... Positions containing gaps or ambiguities were excluded from all analyses. Additional multivariate analysis of the sequences was done using the program PCOORD (Higgins, 1992). Numbers of silent and non-silent changes were calculated according to Nei & Gojobori (1986) using MEGA. For these calculation ...
... Positions containing gaps or ambiguities were excluded from all analyses. Additional multivariate analysis of the sequences was done using the program PCOORD (Higgins, 1992). Numbers of silent and non-silent changes were calculated according to Nei & Gojobori (1986) using MEGA. For these calculation ...
rapid evolutionary escape by large populations from local fitness
... problem of evolutionary escape from such local peaks has been a central problem of evolutionary genetics for at least 75 years. Much attention has focused on models of small populations, in which the sequential fixation of valley genotypes carrying individually deleterious mutations operates most qu ...
... problem of evolutionary escape from such local peaks has been a central problem of evolutionary genetics for at least 75 years. Much attention has focused on models of small populations, in which the sequential fixation of valley genotypes carrying individually deleterious mutations operates most qu ...
Genetic structure of marine Borrelia garinii and - mivegec
... can be dynamic and vary in space and time (Halkett et al., 2005). A number of genetic processes can be responsible for this variability and may affect the emergence of new variants (Feil and Enright, 2004). For instance, bacterial exchange and homologous recombination can lead to population admixtur ...
... can be dynamic and vary in space and time (Halkett et al., 2005). A number of genetic processes can be responsible for this variability and may affect the emergence of new variants (Feil and Enright, 2004). For instance, bacterial exchange and homologous recombination can lead to population admixtur ...
Proper Shipment of Patient Specimens and Infectious Substances
... Specimens collected from humans or animals including, but not limited to, excreta, secreta, blood and its components, tissue and tissue fluid swabs, and body parts being transported for purposes such as research, diagnosis, investigational activities, disease treatment or prevention. Note: If specim ...
... Specimens collected from humans or animals including, but not limited to, excreta, secreta, blood and its components, tissue and tissue fluid swabs, and body parts being transported for purposes such as research, diagnosis, investigational activities, disease treatment or prevention. Note: If specim ...
Sequence Note Complete 59 Long Terminal Repeat, nef,
... genes4 as well as the genomic fragment encompassing the vif, vpr, and vpu genes.3 In contrast with the nef sequence results, these previous studies showed a diversity within the South African isolates that virtually matches the diversity of the global C subtypes studied to date as a whole. However, ...
... genes4 as well as the genomic fragment encompassing the vif, vpr, and vpu genes.3 In contrast with the nef sequence results, these previous studies showed a diversity within the South African isolates that virtually matches the diversity of the global C subtypes studied to date as a whole. However, ...
Likelihood Based Clustering (LiBaC) for Codon Models, a method
... studies indicate that inadequate modeling of the underlying substitution process can negatively impact estimates of substitution rates (e.g., Yang and Nielsen 2000; Dunn, Bielawski and Yang 2001; Aris-Brosou and Bielawski 2006) and classification of sites according to selection pressure (e.g., Anis ...
... studies indicate that inadequate modeling of the underlying substitution process can negatively impact estimates of substitution rates (e.g., Yang and Nielsen 2000; Dunn, Bielawski and Yang 2001; Aris-Brosou and Bielawski 2006) and classification of sites according to selection pressure (e.g., Anis ...
A biochemical portrait of the nidovirus RNA polymerases and helicase
... the original DNA molecule to the DNA copy and from the DNA ‘blueprint’ to the RNA messenger or regulatory molecule. However, given the abundance of RNA-based viruses in our ecology, it is likely that some if not most of their exogenous RNA is replicated and transcribed as well. This process can have ...
... the original DNA molecule to the DNA copy and from the DNA ‘blueprint’ to the RNA messenger or regulatory molecule. However, given the abundance of RNA-based viruses in our ecology, it is likely that some if not most of their exogenous RNA is replicated and transcribed as well. This process can have ...
The evolutionary history of the CCR5-Δ32 HIV
... While the estimated ages range over the last few millennia, these dates are all relatively young in evolutionary time, particularly for an allele with a 10% average frequency in Europe. Based on its frequency in Europe, the CCR5-D32 deletion would be estimated to be 127,500 years old, if it had been ...
... While the estimated ages range over the last few millennia, these dates are all relatively young in evolutionary time, particularly for an allele with a 10% average frequency in Europe. Based on its frequency in Europe, the CCR5-D32 deletion would be estimated to be 127,500 years old, if it had been ...
GM plant viruses - University of Glasgow
... Principal investigator As the principal investigator for this GM project you have a legal responsibility to ensure that all those involved or working on the project have an appropriate level of training and expertise to enable safe working. This includes ensuring that they read and understand this r ...
... Principal investigator As the principal investigator for this GM project you have a legal responsibility to ensure that all those involved or working on the project have an appropriate level of training and expertise to enable safe working. This includes ensuring that they read and understand this r ...
as a PDF - University of Sussex
... Our analysis of evolutionary dynamics on fitness landscapes with neutral networks follows the model developed by van Nimwegen et. al. [30], termed “statistical dynamics” by obvious analogy with classical statistical mechanics. Here the fitness landscape is coarse-grained by decomposition into neutra ...
... Our analysis of evolutionary dynamics on fitness landscapes with neutral networks follows the model developed by van Nimwegen et. al. [30], termed “statistical dynamics” by obvious analogy with classical statistical mechanics. Here the fitness landscape is coarse-grained by decomposition into neutra ...
Phylogenetic Relationships Among Ascomycetes: Evidence from an
... (fig. 3). The variation of RPB2 protein sequences within the taxa sampled from six different ascomycete orders are shown in fig. 3b–e. For the closely related fungi (fig. 3f), the percentage of variation between sequence motifs 6 and 7 approaches 20% in places and averages 8%. Thus, this central reg ...
... (fig. 3). The variation of RPB2 protein sequences within the taxa sampled from six different ascomycete orders are shown in fig. 3b–e. For the closely related fungi (fig. 3f), the percentage of variation between sequence motifs 6 and 7 approaches 20% in places and averages 8%. Thus, this central reg ...
Review Respiratory viral infections in transplant recipients
... achieved for most of the common RNA viruses except for hMPV and coronaviruses; special cell lines and conditions are needed to grow these viruses and cultures tend to be inefficient [31,32]. As with other diagnostic strategies, yields of cultures are dependent on the site of sampling: greatest yield ...
... achieved for most of the common RNA viruses except for hMPV and coronaviruses; special cell lines and conditions are needed to grow these viruses and cultures tend to be inefficient [31,32]. As with other diagnostic strategies, yields of cultures are dependent on the site of sampling: greatest yield ...
6 Relative Advantage and Fundamental Theorems of Natural
... fitness divided by the mean fitness (see also [13]). Ewens has substituted the average fitness by the partial change in the mean fitness. The aim of this chapter is to reveal the relationship between selection and variance in a replicator population. We will see the simplest version of a fundamental the ...
... fitness divided by the mean fitness (see also [13]). Ewens has substituted the average fitness by the partial change in the mean fitness. The aim of this chapter is to reveal the relationship between selection and variance in a replicator population. We will see the simplest version of a fundamental the ...
Prescribing Information
... FLEXBUMIN 25% in 50 and 100 mL Galaxy plastic container is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation of albumin in a single dosage form for intravenous administration. Each 100 mL contains 25 g of albumin and was prepared from human venous plasma using the Cohn cold ethanol fractionation process. Source m ...
... FLEXBUMIN 25% in 50 and 100 mL Galaxy plastic container is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation of albumin in a single dosage form for intravenous administration. Each 100 mL contains 25 g of albumin and was prepared from human venous plasma using the Cohn cold ethanol fractionation process. Source m ...
as a PDF
... are lost due to sampling noise - this phenomenon is related to the concept of the error threshold [23]. If a higher fitness genotype is discovered it will survive and drift to fixation with a certain probability [5]. During the transient period when a higher fitness genotype is fixating, the populat ...
... are lost due to sampling noise - this phenomenon is related to the concept of the error threshold [23]. If a higher fitness genotype is discovered it will survive and drift to fixation with a certain probability [5]. During the transient period when a higher fitness genotype is fixating, the populat ...
helping patients manage cough, cold and flu
... Pharmacotherapy for cough consists of oral and topical anti-tussives, oral expectorants and antibiotics in cases where cough is caused by an underlying bacterial infection. FDA-approved over-thecounter systemic anti-tussives include codeine, dextromethorphan and diphenhydramine. Hydrocodone is appro ...
... Pharmacotherapy for cough consists of oral and topical anti-tussives, oral expectorants and antibiotics in cases where cough is caused by an underlying bacterial infection. FDA-approved over-thecounter systemic anti-tussives include codeine, dextromethorphan and diphenhydramine. Hydrocodone is appro ...
primary care clinic - National Medical Research Council
... Outbreak Response System Condition) activation (see the following section). An assessment of the threat and impact to public health will be made, which will include a clinical assessment and the extent of disease spread. Medical directives on case management and infection control measures to underta ...
... Outbreak Response System Condition) activation (see the following section). An assessment of the threat and impact to public health will be made, which will include a clinical assessment and the extent of disease spread. Medical directives on case management and infection control measures to underta ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.