Diversity and Productivity in a Long-Term Grassland Experiment David Tilman,
... about 9 to 13 species and their greater chance of co-occurrence at higher diversity (19), whereas such effects among about four species seem to account for total biomass responses. The demonstration that diversity effects strengthened through time and were not the result solely of sampling effects o ...
... about 9 to 13 species and their greater chance of co-occurrence at higher diversity (19), whereas such effects among about four species seem to account for total biomass responses. The demonstration that diversity effects strengthened through time and were not the result solely of sampling effects o ...
Biodiversity in young versus old forest Johanna Lundström
... the biodiversity and the resilience concepts it is all a question of scale, both spatial and temporal. Succession in the forest is a change in species composition and structure over time, the change is regulated by disturbances of various sizes and magnitudes (Uotila & Kouki 2005). An ecosystem is n ...
... the biodiversity and the resilience concepts it is all a question of scale, both spatial and temporal. Succession in the forest is a change in species composition and structure over time, the change is regulated by disturbances of various sizes and magnitudes (Uotila & Kouki 2005). An ecosystem is n ...
A complex adaptive systems approach
... no complementarity, and for any given environmental condition there exists only one single optimal value of the trait (for example the lowest resource level that sustains positive growth, i.e., zero net growth isoclines) such that species with this trait would come to dominate the community in a sta ...
... no complementarity, and for any given environmental condition there exists only one single optimal value of the trait (for example the lowest resource level that sustains positive growth, i.e., zero net growth isoclines) such that species with this trait would come to dominate the community in a sta ...
What is Biodiversity
... Biodiversity, a contraction of the phrase "biological diversity," is a complex topic, covering many aspects of biological variation. ...
... Biodiversity, a contraction of the phrase "biological diversity," is a complex topic, covering many aspects of biological variation. ...
Biological Diversity
... of a prey is an ancient theory and one that recurs in conservation science.) These questions are not only ancient, but they are today the subject of much scientific interest. In this chapter we will explore the basic principles of biodiversity. CASE STUDY ...
... of a prey is an ancient theory and one that recurs in conservation science.) These questions are not only ancient, but they are today the subject of much scientific interest. In this chapter we will explore the basic principles of biodiversity. CASE STUDY ...
Document
... During the past several years, the scientific community has worked to develop and advocate for NEON. During the past several months, however, issues have been identified that have helped clarify what must be addressed for NEON to move forward successfully. Perhaps the overarching issue is that NEON ...
... During the past several years, the scientific community has worked to develop and advocate for NEON. During the past several months, however, issues have been identified that have helped clarify what must be addressed for NEON to move forward successfully. Perhaps the overarching issue is that NEON ...
Conservation and Ecosystem Powerpoint
... The most severe threats to species loss come from four general categories: Loss or degradation of habitat Introduction of non-native species Overexploitation of species Pollution ...
... The most severe threats to species loss come from four general categories: Loss or degradation of habitat Introduction of non-native species Overexploitation of species Pollution ...
Nature conservation - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
... Current conditions in the Var catchment for the Nature Conservation The Var catchment is situated in the Southern Alps of France and comprises parts of the two departments Alpes de Haute-Provence and Alpes Maritimes. The climate is characterised by high temperatures and aridity in summer and mild, h ...
... Current conditions in the Var catchment for the Nature Conservation The Var catchment is situated in the Southern Alps of France and comprises parts of the two departments Alpes de Haute-Provence and Alpes Maritimes. The climate is characterised by high temperatures and aridity in summer and mild, h ...
policy brief - Nereus Program
... of top-down trophic processes in defining the composition and structure of pelagic marine communities and how marine fisheries may be triggering changes in these dynamics15,36,37,38. • Removal of top predators leads to mesopredator release and changes in community structure A comparative study of th ...
... of top-down trophic processes in defining the composition and structure of pelagic marine communities and how marine fisheries may be triggering changes in these dynamics15,36,37,38. • Removal of top predators leads to mesopredator release and changes in community structure A comparative study of th ...
Tilman et al. Science 2001
... about 9 to 13 species and their greater chance of co-occurrence at higher diversity (19), whereas such effects among about four species seem to account for total biomass responses. The demonstration that diversity effects strengthened through time and were not the result solely of sampling effects o ...
... about 9 to 13 species and their greater chance of co-occurrence at higher diversity (19), whereas such effects among about four species seem to account for total biomass responses. The demonstration that diversity effects strengthened through time and were not the result solely of sampling effects o ...
ppt
... “Under certain circumstances, where new niches are encountered (e.g., on islands) or where competition with an ecologically similar species is strong and predictable, particular ecological traits of an organism may change adaptively over time… leading to a breakdown of the correlation between phylog ...
... “Under certain circumstances, where new niches are encountered (e.g., on islands) or where competition with an ecologically similar species is strong and predictable, particular ecological traits of an organism may change adaptively over time… leading to a breakdown of the correlation between phylog ...
Vaughn.BioScience.2010
... freshwater mussels that illustrates how research bridging scales and using multiple empirical approaches can be used to gain a more complete understanding of how biodiversity losses will have an impact on ecosystem function. Species traits determine ecosystem function Ecosystem function is the produ ...
... freshwater mussels that illustrates how research bridging scales and using multiple empirical approaches can be used to gain a more complete understanding of how biodiversity losses will have an impact on ecosystem function. Species traits determine ecosystem function Ecosystem function is the produ ...
Ecological Succession
... reproduction, or distribution of organisms is called a limiting factor. ...
... reproduction, or distribution of organisms is called a limiting factor. ...
reprint pdf - Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and
... highland areas. The highlands of Cape Breton are quite dissimilar from the other hemiboreal areas in having a number of lowland disjuncts plus the majority of endemics in Nova Scotia. The fauna of Îles-de-la-Madeleine, QC is also distinctive. Technically, these remote islands in the middle of the Gu ...
... highland areas. The highlands of Cape Breton are quite dissimilar from the other hemiboreal areas in having a number of lowland disjuncts plus the majority of endemics in Nova Scotia. The fauna of Îles-de-la-Madeleine, QC is also distinctive. Technically, these remote islands in the middle of the Gu ...
Species Invasions and the Relationships between Species Diversity
... In this chapter, we examine how the ecology of invasions helps clarify the relationships among community saturation, diversity, and ecosystem functioning. We begin with a theoretical approach that suggests a common underlying mechanism for the negative effect of diversity on community invasibility a ...
... In this chapter, we examine how the ecology of invasions helps clarify the relationships among community saturation, diversity, and ecosystem functioning. We begin with a theoretical approach that suggests a common underlying mechanism for the negative effect of diversity on community invasibility a ...
2010 Sekercioglu OUP Conservation Book
... are expected to increase evaporation and consequent precipitation in some places and raise the likelihood of droughts and fires in other places, both scenarios that would have major consequences for the world’s vegetation (Wright 2005). These changes in turn can lead to further climatic problems, aff ...
... are expected to increase evaporation and consequent precipitation in some places and raise the likelihood of droughts and fires in other places, both scenarios that would have major consequences for the world’s vegetation (Wright 2005). These changes in turn can lead to further climatic problems, aff ...
Effects of Habitat-Forming Species Richness, Evenness, Identity
... habitat quality [5], thereby reducing ecosystem services, such as fisheries and enhanced coastal production and water purification provided by biodiversity [6]. Therefore, understanding the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning has become one of the main areas of focus in ecology [7–9]. Even ...
... habitat quality [5], thereby reducing ecosystem services, such as fisheries and enhanced coastal production and water purification provided by biodiversity [6]. Therefore, understanding the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning has become one of the main areas of focus in ecology [7–9]. Even ...
Drawing ecological inferences from coincident patterns of
... the direction of relationships within and across species, (b) an absence of intraspecific trait–environment relationships, (c) intraspecific relationships in the opposite direction as the community-level relationship and (d) idiosyncratic intraspecific patterns. For simplicity, we do not show cases ...
... the direction of relationships within and across species, (b) an absence of intraspecific trait–environment relationships, (c) intraspecific relationships in the opposite direction as the community-level relationship and (d) idiosyncratic intraspecific patterns. For simplicity, we do not show cases ...
SHALOM: a landscape simulation model for understanding animal
... in the habitat (e.g., for resources that occur equally in a habitat, each has a resource-proportion of 0.5). A patch is the area composed of all adjacent cells sharing a habitat type where the local-scale processes take place. Individuals of a species in one patch (population) interact among thems ...
... in the habitat (e.g., for resources that occur equally in a habitat, each has a resource-proportion of 0.5). A patch is the area composed of all adjacent cells sharing a habitat type where the local-scale processes take place. Individuals of a species in one patch (population) interact among thems ...
Big APES Exam review questions for each unit
... 5. Distinguish between the following words: biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, troposphere and stratosphere. 6. Name six different types of cycles that occur in nature. Describe or draw 3-4 transitions for each cycle. Explain which portions of each cycle are a ...
... 5. Distinguish between the following words: biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, troposphere and stratosphere. 6. Name six different types of cycles that occur in nature. Describe or draw 3-4 transitions for each cycle. Explain which portions of each cycle are a ...
Species diversity, invasion success, and ecosystem functioning
... (Fig. 1A). This was because individual species were complementary in their temporal patterns of space occupation. Individual species all fluctuated in abundance, but these fluctuations were out of phase, such that at least 1 species was always abundant and occupying space in the high-diversity treat ...
... (Fig. 1A). This was because individual species were complementary in their temporal patterns of space occupation. Individual species all fluctuated in abundance, but these fluctuations were out of phase, such that at least 1 species was always abundant and occupying space in the high-diversity treat ...
Species interaction mechanisms maintain grassland
... overyielding (Vandermeer 1981, Loreau 2004). Species overyield when interspecific interactions are less detrimental or more favorable than intraspecific interactions. That is, a species overyields when there is less competition or when there are more positive interactions in mixture than in monocultur ...
... overyielding (Vandermeer 1981, Loreau 2004). Species overyield when interspecific interactions are less detrimental or more favorable than intraspecific interactions. That is, a species overyields when there is less competition or when there are more positive interactions in mixture than in monocultur ...
Definitions
... relative frequency. For biological diversity these items are organized at many levels …. Thus the term biodiversity encompasses different ecosystems, species, genes and their relative abundance. (US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1987). ...
... relative frequency. For biological diversity these items are organized at many levels …. Thus the term biodiversity encompasses different ecosystems, species, genes and their relative abundance. (US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1987). ...
Slide 1
... with ecosystems supported by necessary instruments, institutions, organizations, and technology. Creation of these through participation and transparency may contribute to freedoms and choice as well as to increased economic, social, and ecological security. By ecological security, we mean the minim ...
... with ecosystems supported by necessary instruments, institutions, organizations, and technology. Creation of these through participation and transparency may contribute to freedoms and choice as well as to increased economic, social, and ecological security. By ecological security, we mean the minim ...
Answers - Hodder Plus Home
... or biomass per unit area per unit time through absorption; net secondary productivity (NSP) is the gain by consumers in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory losses (R). 30 The maximum number of a species or ‘load’ that can be sustainably supported by ...
... or biomass per unit area per unit time through absorption; net secondary productivity (NSP) is the gain by consumers in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory losses (R). 30 The maximum number of a species or ‘load’ that can be sustainably supported by ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.