Loss of mammalian species from the South American Gran Chaco
... the loss of food (plants or prey), shelter and increased predation risk (Pimm et al. 1988, Schipper et al. 2008). Large animals at higher trophic levels are most vulnerable to habitat destruction and poaching, since they require large home ranges and more prey, and because they usually move across o ...
... the loss of food (plants or prey), shelter and increased predation risk (Pimm et al. 1988, Schipper et al. 2008). Large animals at higher trophic levels are most vulnerable to habitat destruction and poaching, since they require large home ranges and more prey, and because they usually move across o ...
i1905e01
... individuals, the proportion of individuals in different age classes, genetic variation, and the arrangement and size of areas of suitable habitat, all of which may vary in space and time. Population structure is also affected by the dynamics of parasites and their hosts, including for example, human ...
... individuals, the proportion of individuals in different age classes, genetic variation, and the arrangement and size of areas of suitable habitat, all of which may vary in space and time. Population structure is also affected by the dynamics of parasites and their hosts, including for example, human ...
The rich invertebrate community in tropical epiphytes: a survey of the
... the biomass of invertebrates within the ferns: smaller ferns contained just a few grams of animal biomass, but this increased exponentially in ferns with more than 30 leaves. They suggest that because the larger ferns contained disproportionately more animal biomass, these ferns probably make a gre ...
... the biomass of invertebrates within the ferns: smaller ferns contained just a few grams of animal biomass, but this increased exponentially in ferns with more than 30 leaves. They suggest that because the larger ferns contained disproportionately more animal biomass, these ferns probably make a gre ...
Biodiversity for kids - Teacher`s Guide
... animals are relatively unknown, partly due to their small size and nocturnal habits. A native plant or animal is generally defined as one that is found naturally in an area or country. Most native plants and animals have evolved in Australia over many thousands or million of years. Among animals reg ...
... animals are relatively unknown, partly due to their small size and nocturnal habits. A native plant or animal is generally defined as one that is found naturally in an area or country. Most native plants and animals have evolved in Australia over many thousands or million of years. Among animals reg ...
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION, PRINCIPLES OF
... For example, all ecosystems require inputs of energy (usually solar) and a supply of the mineral elements (nutrients) essential for life. These inputs support many ecological processes operating at multiple scales. For example, sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are inputs for the process of photos ...
... For example, all ecosystems require inputs of energy (usually solar) and a supply of the mineral elements (nutrients) essential for life. These inputs support many ecological processes operating at multiple scales. For example, sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are inputs for the process of photos ...
Siberian Tiger By: Irvinder Sohi
... Different species doing different tasks increases the productivity of an ecosystem. Another example is, the tiger keeps the population of its prey such as antelope, deer, boar, and buffalo stable so there isn't a large increase in numbers for those particular species. If predators were removed from ...
... Different species doing different tasks increases the productivity of an ecosystem. Another example is, the tiger keeps the population of its prey such as antelope, deer, boar, and buffalo stable so there isn't a large increase in numbers for those particular species. If predators were removed from ...
Community Maturity, Species Saturation and the Variant Diversity
... Model selection uncertainty was substantial, however, and model averaging suggested that productivity may have increased with eight sown species and then levelled off or decreased with 16 sown species (Fig. 1). The constant model also received considerable weight for NP in 2003, but was second to th ...
... Model selection uncertainty was substantial, however, and model averaging suggested that productivity may have increased with eight sown species and then levelled off or decreased with 16 sown species (Fig. 1). The constant model also received considerable weight for NP in 2003, but was second to th ...
An Agricultural Law Research Article Bioprospecting, Alien Invasive
... sharing.8 At least another thirty-five states or provinces are planning to regulate access to ensure benefit sharing.9 The emerging legal frameworks to determine access to genetic resources are evidence that the principles of the CBD are actually being implemented. A disturbing trend, however, is ma ...
... sharing.8 At least another thirty-five states or provinces are planning to regulate access to ensure benefit sharing.9 The emerging legal frameworks to determine access to genetic resources are evidence that the principles of the CBD are actually being implemented. A disturbing trend, however, is ma ...
Ecological Niches and Diversity Maintenance
... Why do some places have much higher diversity than others? Explaining patterns of species diversity on the earth is a problem of long-standing for ecologists. Numerous diversity patterns have been documented [1], but the mechanisms behind these patterns remain poorly understood. If we knew the mecha ...
... Why do some places have much higher diversity than others? Explaining patterns of species diversity on the earth is a problem of long-standing for ecologists. Numerous diversity patterns have been documented [1], but the mechanisms behind these patterns remain poorly understood. If we knew the mecha ...
Integrated Ecological- Economic Models
... (e) climate change. Habitat change follows from humans transforming 50% of Earth’s icefree land surface to agricultural and urban usage (Chapin et al. 2000), appropriating 54% of the available fresh water (Postel et al. 1996) and 40% of vegetation’s net primary production (Vitousek et al. 1986). The ...
... (e) climate change. Habitat change follows from humans transforming 50% of Earth’s icefree land surface to agricultural and urban usage (Chapin et al. 2000), appropriating 54% of the available fresh water (Postel et al. 1996) and 40% of vegetation’s net primary production (Vitousek et al. 1986). The ...
Precambrian - Cambrian Eukaryotes
... – Extinctions must not be instantaneous – Expect to see pulses of extinction as disaster intensifies ...
... – Extinctions must not be instantaneous – Expect to see pulses of extinction as disaster intensifies ...
The intermediate disturbance hypothesis should be
... they failed to sample a sufficient range of disturbance frequencies or intensities. But methodological artifacts can cut both ways. For instance, published empirical studies might overstate the frequency of humped diversity–disturbance relationships because researchers tend to look for such relation ...
... they failed to sample a sufficient range of disturbance frequencies or intensities. But methodological artifacts can cut both ways. For instance, published empirical studies might overstate the frequency of humped diversity–disturbance relationships because researchers tend to look for such relation ...
eports - WSU Entomology - Washington State University
... food preferences, species can be ‘‘trained’’ to use the same or different resources (Finke and Snyder 2008). Another possibility exists when species differ in where they forage in the environment, such that each species can only access resources available in the habitat it frequents. Here, habitat c ...
... food preferences, species can be ‘‘trained’’ to use the same or different resources (Finke and Snyder 2008). Another possibility exists when species differ in where they forage in the environment, such that each species can only access resources available in the habitat it frequents. Here, habitat c ...
to the complete programme with abstracts
... reconstructed phylogenetic trees with an unprecedented scale of data: 5 mitochondrial genes (COI, COII, ND1, 12S & 16S) from 584 specimens of Megascolecidae earthworms. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis yielded highly supported and nearly identical phylogenetic trees for the Pheretimoid linea ...
... reconstructed phylogenetic trees with an unprecedented scale of data: 5 mitochondrial genes (COI, COII, ND1, 12S & 16S) from 584 specimens of Megascolecidae earthworms. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis yielded highly supported and nearly identical phylogenetic trees for the Pheretimoid linea ...
Evolution: the source of Earth`s biodiversity Genetic variation
... • Extinction is irreversible: once a species is lost, it is lost forever • Humans profoundly affect rates of extinction • Extinction occurs when the environment changes too rapidly for natural selection to keep up • Many other factors also cause extinction - Severe weather - New species - Specialize ...
... • Extinction is irreversible: once a species is lost, it is lost forever • Humans profoundly affect rates of extinction • Extinction occurs when the environment changes too rapidly for natural selection to keep up • Many other factors also cause extinction - Severe weather - New species - Specialize ...
An Approach to Assessing Risk to Terrestrial Biodiversity in Canada
... geographic coordinates and projection of the particular study area as a common link, and structured to permit storage, maintenance, and analysis (this component would include converting tabular data to areas or points for GIS input and production of raw data input maps for each data set to be classi ...
... geographic coordinates and projection of the particular study area as a common link, and structured to permit storage, maintenance, and analysis (this component would include converting tabular data to areas or points for GIS input and production of raw data input maps for each data set to be classi ...
The Bottom Line: Impacts of Alien Plant Invasions in Protected Areas
... advising policy makers, as the value of conservation is currently predominantly measured by its ability to protect species richness (a common interpretation of ‘biodiversity’, Mayer 2006). A review of about 150 studies provided a synthetic understanding of general mechanisms underlying the impacts o ...
... advising policy makers, as the value of conservation is currently predominantly measured by its ability to protect species richness (a common interpretation of ‘biodiversity’, Mayer 2006). A review of about 150 studies provided a synthetic understanding of general mechanisms underlying the impacts o ...
Management strategies for plant invasions: manipulating
... (e.g. too hot, too cold, or too dry) or because of low resource availability caused by geological and soil conditions (e.g. infertile, toxic, or shallow soils). In these environments light availability for most plants is high because low levels of soil resources or a short growing season limit the a ...
... (e.g. too hot, too cold, or too dry) or because of low resource availability caused by geological and soil conditions (e.g. infertile, toxic, or shallow soils). In these environments light availability for most plants is high because low levels of soil resources or a short growing season limit the a ...
Patterns of Plant Diversity in Georgia and Texas Salt Marshes
... (2) the regional pool (all species encountered within each state), (3) the site pool (all species encountered at a site), and (4) the plot (the average number of species in all 1.0×5.0 m plots within a site). In addition to comparing richness values at each scale, we calculated the contributions of ...
... (2) the regional pool (all species encountered within each state), (3) the site pool (all species encountered at a site), and (4) the plot (the average number of species in all 1.0×5.0 m plots within a site). In addition to comparing richness values at each scale, we calculated the contributions of ...
Full Text - Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve
... data. Nevertheless, the effect of biodiversity in bringing multiple functions close to their maximum is also clearly evident for experiments that measured fewer functions (Supplementary Fig. 1). For instance, the most diverse assemblages in experiments that measured only two functions (N ¼ 41) were ...
... data. Nevertheless, the effect of biodiversity in bringing multiple functions close to their maximum is also clearly evident for experiments that measured fewer functions (Supplementary Fig. 1). For instance, the most diverse assemblages in experiments that measured only two functions (N ¼ 41) were ...
Global biodiversity patterns of marine phytoplankton and zooplankton
... the search for global biodiversity patterns of plants and herbivores. The biodiversity of plants and herbivores often depends on ecosystem productivity. The available evidence suggests that several diversity–productivity patterns are possible4,5, that these patterns change with the scale of observat ...
... the search for global biodiversity patterns of plants and herbivores. The biodiversity of plants and herbivores often depends on ecosystem productivity. The available evidence suggests that several diversity–productivity patterns are possible4,5, that these patterns change with the scale of observat ...
An Ecological Theory for the Sudden Origin of Multicellular Life in
... of lineages terminated by extinction, but low worldwide diversity must have made even these events very rare. Gradual changes may have occurred within species as adaptations for more efficient exploitation of their existing niches, but such changes also could only have produced slow differentiation. ...
... of lineages terminated by extinction, but low worldwide diversity must have made even these events very rare. Gradual changes may have occurred within species as adaptations for more efficient exploitation of their existing niches, but such changes also could only have produced slow differentiation. ...
Ecology2 - WordPress.com
... Ecological Succession • Ecological Succession: End point? – Cannot be predicted – Different rates of growth & human involvement make it impossible to know if a true climax community has been reached. ...
... Ecological Succession • Ecological Succession: End point? – Cannot be predicted – Different rates of growth & human involvement make it impossible to know if a true climax community has been reached. ...
The interplay of pollinator diversity, pollination services
... and introduced honeybees. An innovative aspect of this fragmentation study is the inclusion of the landscape context at multiple spatial scales. They found that stingless bee abundance is enhanced by the proportion of forested area in the surrounding landscape with the most significant scale of resp ...
... and introduced honeybees. An innovative aspect of this fragmentation study is the inclusion of the landscape context at multiple spatial scales. They found that stingless bee abundance is enhanced by the proportion of forested area in the surrounding landscape with the most significant scale of resp ...
chapter 12 - Geoclassroom Home
... R.M. Clary, Ph.D., F.G.S. Department of Geosciences Mississippi State University ...
... R.M. Clary, Ph.D., F.G.S. Department of Geosciences Mississippi State University ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.