The world's richest tadpole communities show functional redundancy and low functional
... the most important hotspots for biodiversity conservation [36] harbours over 400 fully endemic frog species [37,38]. Even if many of these species are yet undescribed scientifically, a near-complete database of genetic markers exists [38]. This allows application of molecular identification methods ...
... the most important hotspots for biodiversity conservation [36] harbours over 400 fully endemic frog species [37,38]. Even if many of these species are yet undescribed scientifically, a near-complete database of genetic markers exists [38]. This allows application of molecular identification methods ...
AP Ecology Review Questions 51-56
... 9. Provide 2 different examples of the relationship between behavioral trait and natural selection. Why does this relationship “make sense”? 10. The statement can be made that “there are risks and benefits” to everything.” How does this relate to the optimal foraging theory? 11. What is generally th ...
... 9. Provide 2 different examples of the relationship between behavioral trait and natural selection. Why does this relationship “make sense”? 10. The statement can be made that “there are risks and benefits” to everything.” How does this relate to the optimal foraging theory? 11. What is generally th ...
Biodiversity effects on productivity and stability of marine macroalgal
... stability. Theory and experimental evidence indicate that species richness can lead to decreased variability (increased stability) of aggregate community properties such as biomass over time (Cottingham et al. 2001, Steiner et al. 2005) and space (Loreau et al. 2003, Weigelt et al. 2008). Species ri ...
... stability. Theory and experimental evidence indicate that species richness can lead to decreased variability (increased stability) of aggregate community properties such as biomass over time (Cottingham et al. 2001, Steiner et al. 2005) and space (Loreau et al. 2003, Weigelt et al. 2008). Species ri ...
Ecological change, changing ecology
... Specialist and generalist predators play different roles in food webs and have different impacts on their prey populations. The arctic fox behaves as specialist or a generalist to different degrees. In inland tundra arctic foxes usually act as lemming or small rodent specialists. Their reproductive ...
... Specialist and generalist predators play different roles in food webs and have different impacts on their prey populations. The arctic fox behaves as specialist or a generalist to different degrees. In inland tundra arctic foxes usually act as lemming or small rodent specialists. Their reproductive ...
Species Diversity of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates
... reason that a part of the Earth’s surface has a particular capacity for harnessing the energy of photons into chemical energy through the action of chlorophyll. That process depends on the conversion efficiency of plants (actually only about 3%) and the amount of leafy material. Neither grazing nor ...
... reason that a part of the Earth’s surface has a particular capacity for harnessing the energy of photons into chemical energy through the action of chlorophyll. That process depends on the conversion efficiency of plants (actually only about 3%) and the amount of leafy material. Neither grazing nor ...
Biodiversity, productivity and the temporal stability of
... temporal stability by decreasing species richness (Hillebrand et al. 2008). That is, declines in evenness may result in declines in species richness (Wilsey & Polley 2004), which may then decrease temporal stability (Tilman et al. 2006; van Ruijven & Berendse 2007). Thus, it has been predicted that ...
... temporal stability by decreasing species richness (Hillebrand et al. 2008). That is, declines in evenness may result in declines in species richness (Wilsey & Polley 2004), which may then decrease temporal stability (Tilman et al. 2006; van Ruijven & Berendse 2007). Thus, it has been predicted that ...
Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production
... global map showing the amount of net primary production required by humans and compare it to the total amount generated on the landscape. We then derive a spatial balance sheet of net primary production ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ for the world. We show that human appropriation of net primary production v ...
... global map showing the amount of net primary production required by humans and compare it to the total amount generated on the landscape. We then derive a spatial balance sheet of net primary production ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ for the world. We show that human appropriation of net primary production v ...
DRAFT URBAN ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY The
... approximately 891,000 people (residents, commuters and visitors combined) are present in our municipality on an average weekday. It is predicted that by 2055 the population of Greater Melbourne will reach eight million, ...
... approximately 891,000 people (residents, commuters and visitors combined) are present in our municipality on an average weekday. It is predicted that by 2055 the population of Greater Melbourne will reach eight million, ...
2.86 MB - Participate Melbourne
... Traditional Owners and the broader community in Melbourne. In particular, the Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology (ARCUE) has provided input and advice throughout the development of this document. This strategy responds to a core deliverable as identified in the City of Melbourne’s Urban Fo ...
... Traditional Owners and the broader community in Melbourne. In particular, the Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology (ARCUE) has provided input and advice throughout the development of this document. This strategy responds to a core deliverable as identified in the City of Melbourne’s Urban Fo ...
Ecosystems: the flux of energy and matter
... year. There is a broad correlation between productivity and the availability of resources (Fig. 12.3), both within ecosystems and among ecosystems. Generally, as resources such as light and nutrients increase, plant productivity increases. This, in turn supports greater productivity in higher trophi ...
... year. There is a broad correlation between productivity and the availability of resources (Fig. 12.3), both within ecosystems and among ecosystems. Generally, as resources such as light and nutrients increase, plant productivity increases. This, in turn supports greater productivity in higher trophi ...
... global map showing the amount of net primary production required by humans and compare it to the total amount generated on the landscape. We then derive a spatial balance sheet of net primary production ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ for the world. We show that human appropriation of net primary production v ...
Developing Biodiversity Indicators for Los Angeles County
... measured in many different ways, and the simplest measure of biodiversity is species richness, the number of species per unit area. Biodiversity can also be quantified by a biodiversity index, which is a measure of how many different species there are in an area, taking into account how evenly in ...
... measured in many different ways, and the simplest measure of biodiversity is species richness, the number of species per unit area. Biodiversity can also be quantified by a biodiversity index, which is a measure of how many different species there are in an area, taking into account how evenly in ...
Genetic diversity
... extinction with ecology and environmental systems - Design, test, and implement ways to mitigate human impacts • Conservation geneticists = study genetic attributes of organisms to infer the status of their population • Minimum viable population = how small a population can become before it runs int ...
... extinction with ecology and environmental systems - Design, test, and implement ways to mitigate human impacts • Conservation geneticists = study genetic attributes of organisms to infer the status of their population • Minimum viable population = how small a population can become before it runs int ...
Costs and benefits of biological control of invasive alien
... carefully screened and host-specific biocontrol agents is safe, and ‘host shifts’ (where non-target plants are attacked by the introduced agent) have not occurred in the over 350 recorded cases where weed biocontrol agents have been used worldwide.4 In South Africa, biocontrol has been practised sin ...
... carefully screened and host-specific biocontrol agents is safe, and ‘host shifts’ (where non-target plants are attacked by the introduced agent) have not occurred in the over 350 recorded cases where weed biocontrol agents have been used worldwide.4 In South Africa, biocontrol has been practised sin ...
Current Normative Concepts in Conservation
... and Karr (1994) argue further that, although natural processes are many and complex, they are not plausibly characterized as aspects of biodiversity. Most historic efforts to conserve biodiversity have in fact targeted species diversity, the “fine-filter” approach, and community diversity, the “coar ...
... and Karr (1994) argue further that, although natural processes are many and complex, they are not plausibly characterized as aspects of biodiversity. Most historic efforts to conserve biodiversity have in fact targeted species diversity, the “fine-filter” approach, and community diversity, the “coar ...
Unit 2 - OpenWetWare
... 15. Explain how organisms interact in a community through competition, predation, and symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism). 16. Explain how the introduction of exotic/invasive species (p153) into an unoccupied habitat can affect that area. 17. Describe the stages of primary succession ...
... 15. Explain how organisms interact in a community through competition, predation, and symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism). 16. Explain how the introduction of exotic/invasive species (p153) into an unoccupied habitat can affect that area. 17. Describe the stages of primary succession ...
The DNA of coral reef biodiversity: predicting and protecting genetic
... Investigating patterns of genetic diversity at the community level can be framed by tests of foundational theory on drivers of biodiversity. Theory predicts that physical area constrains diversity by limiting carrying capacity and the genetic ‘effective’ population size, while immigration boosts div ...
... Investigating patterns of genetic diversity at the community level can be framed by tests of foundational theory on drivers of biodiversity. Theory predicts that physical area constrains diversity by limiting carrying capacity and the genetic ‘effective’ population size, while immigration boosts div ...
A Hierarchical Ecological Approach to Conserving Marine
... observe and predict than biotic attributes such as disease. Ecosystem processes such as productivity, however, involve both biotic and abiotic components and therefore have different implications for conservation than strictly abiotic attributes. Water motion for example, is an ecosystem process dri ...
... observe and predict than biotic attributes such as disease. Ecosystem processes such as productivity, however, involve both biotic and abiotic components and therefore have different implications for conservation than strictly abiotic attributes. Water motion for example, is an ecosystem process dri ...
Ex situ - PGR Forum
... management of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity.” ...
... management of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity.” ...
Low biodiversity state persists two decades after cessation of nutrient enrichment
... 2010). To test for a hysteretic response in E. repens relative biomass, we used the glm function in the stats package to fit a quasibinomial generalised linear model as a function of Cessation Treatment (continuous or cessation), Soil Nitrate and their interaction. The quasimaximum-likelihood versio ...
... 2010). To test for a hysteretic response in E. repens relative biomass, we used the glm function in the stats package to fit a quasibinomial generalised linear model as a function of Cessation Treatment (continuous or cessation), Soil Nitrate and their interaction. The quasimaximum-likelihood versio ...
Criteria and Indicators for Assessing the Sustainability
... broad concept and, given the huge diversity of life in tropical forests, it is impossible to make rapid direct assessments of biodiversity in forests in anything other than a superficial manner. It is likely that there will be limited skilled human resources and time for biodiversity assessment in a ...
... broad concept and, given the huge diversity of life in tropical forests, it is impossible to make rapid direct assessments of biodiversity in forests in anything other than a superficial manner. It is likely that there will be limited skilled human resources and time for biodiversity assessment in a ...
Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest Biodiversity and Conservation Value
... area has been cleared and converted to pastures, farmers continue to shape the tree cover within the landscapes by selectively removing some tree species and allowing others (usually species of commercial value as timber species or fruit trees) to grow into adults (Muñoz et al. 2003; Villanueva et a ...
... area has been cleared and converted to pastures, farmers continue to shape the tree cover within the landscapes by selectively removing some tree species and allowing others (usually species of commercial value as timber species or fruit trees) to grow into adults (Muñoz et al. 2003; Villanueva et a ...
Freshwater Ecosystems and Biodiversity
... However, the list of known freshwater species is likely an underestimate due to a known bias for describing largebodied organisms first (Gaston 2000). However, we can use the distribution of some well-studied taxonomic groups (i.e., fishes and amphibians) (Table 2) to provide insight into global pat ...
... However, the list of known freshwater species is likely an underestimate due to a known bias for describing largebodied organisms first (Gaston 2000). However, we can use the distribution of some well-studied taxonomic groups (i.e., fishes and amphibians) (Table 2) to provide insight into global pat ...
Problems with areal definitions of endemism: the effects of spatial
... of species for a region to be evaluated. Although data necessary to compare areal definitions at different spatial scales directly are not currently available (Peterson & Sánchez-Cordero, 1994), experience in biodiversity studies in several regions suggests strongly that this assumption is at best ...
... of species for a region to be evaluated. Although data necessary to compare areal definitions at different spatial scales directly are not currently available (Peterson & Sánchez-Cordero, 1994), experience in biodiversity studies in several regions suggests strongly that this assumption is at best ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.