use intensity affects orthopteran communities
... 0.6 m), which is an aluminum frame covered Materials and Methods with gauze and is quickly placed on an area to prevent insects from fleeing from the area before Study site The study was conducted within the framework capture. This method provides an assessment of of the Biodiversity Exploratories, ...
... 0.6 m), which is an aluminum frame covered Materials and Methods with gauze and is quickly placed on an area to prevent insects from fleeing from the area before Study site The study was conducted within the framework capture. This method provides an assessment of of the Biodiversity Exploratories, ...
Supporting Materials
... latitude. A consequence of this null model is that the size of species ranges decreases with latitude. However, the biogeography of phytoplankton species in the global model do not generally show smaller ranges at higher latitudes (S7). This apparent contradiction of species range size between the m ...
... latitude. A consequence of this null model is that the size of species ranges decreases with latitude. However, the biogeography of phytoplankton species in the global model do not generally show smaller ranges at higher latitudes (S7). This apparent contradiction of species range size between the m ...
ADVANCED PLACEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
... 9. Most efforts to improve environmental quality have focused on this. 10. Capable of being decomposed by organisms, such as bacteria 11. Which of the following statements regarding developed countries and developing countries is true? Developed countries are home to twice as many people as developi ...
... 9. Most efforts to improve environmental quality have focused on this. 10. Capable of being decomposed by organisms, such as bacteria 11. Which of the following statements regarding developed countries and developing countries is true? Developed countries are home to twice as many people as developi ...
Sustaining multiple ecosystem functions in grassland communities requires higher biodiversity
... However, society places value on multiple attributes of ecosystems ranging from productivity and crop pollination to the maintenance of viable species populations (7). A critical need, therefore, exists to examine the effects of species losses on multiple ecosystem functions simultaneously (8–10). A ...
... However, society places value on multiple attributes of ecosystems ranging from productivity and crop pollination to the maintenance of viable species populations (7). A critical need, therefore, exists to examine the effects of species losses on multiple ecosystem functions simultaneously (8–10). A ...
Speciation and Extinction
... There have been five major mass extinctions caused by massive climate change. ...
... There have been five major mass extinctions caused by massive climate change. ...
Extending the concept of keystone species to
... The second step requires deciding what an atypical community is. This step is much more arduous and has remained controversial in the keystone species literature (Mills et al. 1993; Hurlbert 1997). At least implicitly, one has to propose a reference model, which assigns to each entity an expected im ...
... The second step requires deciding what an atypical community is. This step is much more arduous and has remained controversial in the keystone species literature (Mills et al. 1993; Hurlbert 1997). At least implicitly, one has to propose a reference model, which assigns to each entity an expected im ...
Chapter 14: Conserving Biodiversity
... Converting wild areas to agricultural production is a major cause of habitat destruction. Altering our consumption patterns can help decrease habitat destruction. Eating low on the food chain (less meat and dairy) makes a difference. Reduce consumption of wood and paper ...
... Converting wild areas to agricultural production is a major cause of habitat destruction. Altering our consumption patterns can help decrease habitat destruction. Eating low on the food chain (less meat and dairy) makes a difference. Reduce consumption of wood and paper ...
Does eutrophication-driven evolution change aquatic ecosystems?
... eutrophic sections of the lake [9]. Eutrophication also reduced the intensity of sexual selection in stickleback of the Baltic Sea via multiple pathways. In this species, expression of male nuptial coloration and courtship activity are influenced by the outcome of male–male contest competition. Domi ...
... eutrophic sections of the lake [9]. Eutrophication also reduced the intensity of sexual selection in stickleback of the Baltic Sea via multiple pathways. In this species, expression of male nuptial coloration and courtship activity are influenced by the outcome of male–male contest competition. Domi ...
Genetic identity of interspecific neighbours mediates plant
... of the local biotic environment to genetic differentiation remain poorly understood. An exception is the work of Turkington, Aarssen and others on Trifolium repens– Lolium perenne mixtures, which began with the demonstration by Turkington (1979) and Turkington & Harper (1979) that the performance of ...
... of the local biotic environment to genetic differentiation remain poorly understood. An exception is the work of Turkington, Aarssen and others on Trifolium repens– Lolium perenne mixtures, which began with the demonstration by Turkington (1979) and Turkington & Harper (1979) that the performance of ...
The beta-diversity of species interactions: Untangling the drivers of
... A key insight emerging from recent studies of beta-diversity is that compositional variation within trophic levels generally increases from low- to high-diversity regions (Koleff et al., 2003; Qian and Ricklefs, 2007; Soininen et al., 2007; De Cáceres et al., 2012). Although differences in community ...
... A key insight emerging from recent studies of beta-diversity is that compositional variation within trophic levels generally increases from low- to high-diversity regions (Koleff et al., 2003; Qian and Ricklefs, 2007; Soininen et al., 2007; De Cáceres et al., 2012). Although differences in community ...
Conservation of Native Biodiversity in the City
... with these characteristics would concentrate on permanent protection of existing habitats, and controlling adverse impacts on such habitats. For example, some predaceous arthropods are less active during the full moon (Skutelsky 1996; Tigar & Osborne 1999); chronic nocturnal illumination of remnant ...
... with these characteristics would concentrate on permanent protection of existing habitats, and controlling adverse impacts on such habitats. For example, some predaceous arthropods are less active during the full moon (Skutelsky 1996; Tigar & Osborne 1999); chronic nocturnal illumination of remnant ...
effects of grazer richness and composition on algal biomass in a
... GRAZER IMPACT IN OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS ...
... GRAZER IMPACT IN OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Similarly, invasive cane toads in Australia use roads as corridors [24, 25], possibly because of the decreased physical resistance to movement offered by these structurally simple surfaces [24]. In both cases, the role of roads in promoting range expansion has been highlighted, but it is not difficul ...
... Similarly, invasive cane toads in Australia use roads as corridors [24, 25], possibly because of the decreased physical resistance to movement offered by these structurally simple surfaces [24]. In both cases, the role of roads in promoting range expansion has been highlighted, but it is not difficul ...
- Wiley Online Library
... competitive interactions. Greater niche partitioning at higher levels of diversity can lead to gains in productivity because as more niches become filled there is greater efficiency of resource uptake, which fuels greater cumulative production of biomass in an assemblage (Tilman et al. 2001; Cardina ...
... competitive interactions. Greater niche partitioning at higher levels of diversity can lead to gains in productivity because as more niches become filled there is greater efficiency of resource uptake, which fuels greater cumulative production of biomass in an assemblage (Tilman et al. 2001; Cardina ...
scale-dependent responses of plant biodiversity to nitrogen
... and annual aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in each replicate plot. Species composition for a replicate plot was estimated in one of two ways; biomass harvests (Cedar Creek LTER [CDR] and Konza Biological Station [KBS]) or nondestructive cover estimates (all other sites) of sample plots l ...
... and annual aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in each replicate plot. Species composition for a replicate plot was estimated in one of two ways; biomass harvests (Cedar Creek LTER [CDR] and Konza Biological Station [KBS]) or nondestructive cover estimates (all other sites) of sample plots l ...
An Ecological Assessment of Insect Diversity at Organic Central
... temperate forests, savannas, and grasslands. Habitat loss and species extinctions would be pervasive, and there would be a global loss in carbon sinks as the world’s forests continue to diminish. Other ecosystem goods and services, such as potable water, food, timber and non-timber products, and rec ...
... temperate forests, savannas, and grasslands. Habitat loss and species extinctions would be pervasive, and there would be a global loss in carbon sinks as the world’s forests continue to diminish. Other ecosystem goods and services, such as potable water, food, timber and non-timber products, and rec ...
In situ conservation (3) Summary.pub
... in situ conservation through Article 8 which promotes: ‘… the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have de ...
... in situ conservation through Article 8 which promotes: ‘… the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have de ...
Deer herbivory affects the functional diversity of forest floor plants via
... frequently expressed (Takatsuki 2009), and these concerns even extend to areas with pristine vegetation that have been designated as protected areas. In Shiretoko National Park (located on the northeastern tip of Hokkaido, Japan), deer overabundance has resulted in numerous ecological issues, includ ...
... frequently expressed (Takatsuki 2009), and these concerns even extend to areas with pristine vegetation that have been designated as protected areas. In Shiretoko National Park (located on the northeastern tip of Hokkaido, Japan), deer overabundance has resulted in numerous ecological issues, includ ...
Example (FUNDED Narrative)
... After producing a robust phylogeny, I will map reproductive and ecological traits onto the tree. Initially, reproductive traits will be limited to male calling song characters. To date, I have recorded calling songs for at least one individual for five species. I need to record songs for the other f ...
... After producing a robust phylogeny, I will map reproductive and ecological traits onto the tree. Initially, reproductive traits will be limited to male calling song characters. To date, I have recorded calling songs for at least one individual for five species. I need to record songs for the other f ...
Endophytic fungi alter relationships between diversity and
... example, Klironomos et al. (2000) showed that mycorrhizae caused primary productivity to level off more quickly with increasing diversity than when mycorrhizae were absent. Similarly, other symbionts, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, can alter ecosystem functioning and the composition of plant comm ...
... example, Klironomos et al. (2000) showed that mycorrhizae caused primary productivity to level off more quickly with increasing diversity than when mycorrhizae were absent. Similarly, other symbionts, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, can alter ecosystem functioning and the composition of plant comm ...
Community and ecosystem effects of intraspecific genetic diversity in
... effects of genetic diversity on species composition and ecosystem functioning should be minor. However, several lines of evidence suggest genetic diversity could indirectly influence composition and functioning by altering the nature of interactions between species. For example, there is now consider ...
... effects of genetic diversity on species composition and ecosystem functioning should be minor. However, several lines of evidence suggest genetic diversity could indirectly influence composition and functioning by altering the nature of interactions between species. For example, there is now consider ...
how do different measures of functional diversity perform?
... separation in niche space allows coexistence through lack of competition for similar resources (e.g., MacArthur and Levins 1967). For example, species that exhibit a large diversity of above and below ground architectures should coexist, capture light, and forage resources more completely and effici ...
... separation in niche space allows coexistence through lack of competition for similar resources (e.g., MacArthur and Levins 1967). For example, species that exhibit a large diversity of above and below ground architectures should coexist, capture light, and forage resources more completely and effici ...
Chap 5 APES
... • Endemic species - a species only exists in a certain, specialized area (golden toad to the Monteverde cloud forest) - Very susceptible to extinction - These species usually have small populations • Many other factors also cause extinction - Severe weather - New species - Specialized species ...
... • Endemic species - a species only exists in a certain, specialized area (golden toad to the Monteverde cloud forest) - Very susceptible to extinction - These species usually have small populations • Many other factors also cause extinction - Severe weather - New species - Specialized species ...
A View of Life
... populations interacting with one another within the same environment. – Composition is a listing of various species in the community. – Diversity includes both species richness and species diversity. ...
... populations interacting with one another within the same environment. – Composition is a listing of various species in the community. – Diversity includes both species richness and species diversity. ...
Consumers Control Diversity and Functioning of a Natural Marine
... Biodiversity influences ecosystem functions and services (e.g., primary productivity, nutrient cycling, food production) because of species’ traits and interactions in mixed assemblages [1,2]. Our understanding of the links between biodiversity and ecosystem function has been predominantly shaped by ...
... Biodiversity influences ecosystem functions and services (e.g., primary productivity, nutrient cycling, food production) because of species’ traits and interactions in mixed assemblages [1,2]. Our understanding of the links between biodiversity and ecosystem function has been predominantly shaped by ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.