Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for
... would also fit with this definition providing that they should contribute to preserving biodiversity and managing or restoring ecosystems sustainably while delivering a range of ES. In the case of agro-ecosystems or inner city green spaces, e. g., it would be important to consider ecological complex ...
... would also fit with this definition providing that they should contribute to preserving biodiversity and managing or restoring ecosystems sustainably while delivering a range of ES. In the case of agro-ecosystems or inner city green spaces, e. g., it would be important to consider ecological complex ...
Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity
... heterogeneity–animal species diversity relationship and evaluated whether there are uncertainties and biases in its empirical support. Location World-wide. Methods We reviewed 85 publications for the period 1960–2003. We screened each publication for terms that were used to define habitat heterogene ...
... heterogeneity–animal species diversity relationship and evaluated whether there are uncertainties and biases in its empirical support. Location World-wide. Methods We reviewed 85 publications for the period 1960–2003. We screened each publication for terms that were used to define habitat heterogene ...
Diapozitiv 1
... the notion that certain species exert much stronger control over ecological processes than others. However, identifying which species these are in advance of extinction remains a ...
... the notion that certain species exert much stronger control over ecological processes than others. However, identifying which species these are in advance of extinction remains a ...
1 Facilitators Notes Figure 1 Concept Biotic (living) and abiotic (non
... twigs, and stems. This is typically suspended or associated with sediments Fine Particulate Organic Matter – organic material that often results from the mechanical breakdown of CPOM and may include feces from other animals. This is typically suspended or associated with sediments. Dissolved Organic ...
... twigs, and stems. This is typically suspended or associated with sediments Fine Particulate Organic Matter – organic material that often results from the mechanical breakdown of CPOM and may include feces from other animals. This is typically suspended or associated with sediments. Dissolved Organic ...
The HELCOM Rec. 15/5 HELCOM Network of Marine Protected Areas
... • Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and we ...
... • Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and we ...
Habitat diversity and species diversity: testing the
... environmental axes (Birch 1957, Park 1962, May 1975). A species’ ‘‘fundamental’’ niche is a volume within a multidimensional space whose axes are different abiotic and biotic conditions (Hutchinson 1957). Species may compete for habitat and resources, resources but not habitat, or habitat but not re ...
... environmental axes (Birch 1957, Park 1962, May 1975). A species’ ‘‘fundamental’’ niche is a volume within a multidimensional space whose axes are different abiotic and biotic conditions (Hutchinson 1957). Species may compete for habitat and resources, resources but not habitat, or habitat but not re ...
Riverine Ecosystems in International Law
... Disturbed riverine processes are reflected in riverine habitats and their biodiversity. Recent studies have indicated habitat loss as the primary reason for major declines in North American native freshwater fishes7 and mussels, Similarly, in 1991, 214 native salmonid stocks were identified in the P ...
... Disturbed riverine processes are reflected in riverine habitats and their biodiversity. Recent studies have indicated habitat loss as the primary reason for major declines in North American native freshwater fishes7 and mussels, Similarly, in 1991, 214 native salmonid stocks were identified in the P ...
Monitoring Changes in Genetic Diversity (PDF Available)
... diversity was recognised in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), its importance was largely overlooked during the following two decades (Laikre 2010). However, genetic diversity has been given more visibility since the release of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010, particularly in Targe ...
... diversity was recognised in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), its importance was largely overlooked during the following two decades (Laikre 2010). However, genetic diversity has been given more visibility since the release of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010, particularly in Targe ...
Genetic Integrity in Wild Stock of Babylonia spirata
... markers were identified. The two genetic groups of the whelk species presented HWE deviations for majority of the loci. The range of alleles was found to be 3.5 to 7.5 with a global mean of 5.792. The overall mean of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.489 and 0.787 respectively. Within popu ...
... markers were identified. The two genetic groups of the whelk species presented HWE deviations for majority of the loci. The range of alleles was found to be 3.5 to 7.5 with a global mean of 5.792. The overall mean of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.489 and 0.787 respectively. Within popu ...
disturbance moderates biodiversity–ecosystem
... of ecology for much of the past decade. Growing interest in the ecosystem-level consequences of biodiversity has been driven, in part, by our need to understand how species loss and homogenization of the world’s biota might alter ecological processes thought to sustain the Earth’s ecosystems. Resear ...
... of ecology for much of the past decade. Growing interest in the ecosystem-level consequences of biodiversity has been driven, in part, by our need to understand how species loss and homogenization of the world’s biota might alter ecological processes thought to sustain the Earth’s ecosystems. Resear ...
3 The Role of Top Carnivores in
... species. Further studies of sessile intertidal communities have amply supported Paine's result (with some geographical variation and local exceptions). The effect of a top predator is reduced, for example, when it does not feed preferentially on the dominant competitor among the potential prey speci ...
... species. Further studies of sessile intertidal communities have amply supported Paine's result (with some geographical variation and local exceptions). The effect of a top predator is reduced, for example, when it does not feed preferentially on the dominant competitor among the potential prey speci ...
Study Guide for Final
... 23. Understand and be able to explain macroevolution, and the role natural selection plays in this process. Understand and be able to explain the variety of evidence for macroevolution: including evidence from fossils, plate tectonics, biogeography, comparative embryology, comparative anatomy, comp ...
... 23. Understand and be able to explain macroevolution, and the role natural selection plays in this process. Understand and be able to explain the variety of evidence for macroevolution: including evidence from fossils, plate tectonics, biogeography, comparative embryology, comparative anatomy, comp ...
Ecosystems in Action: Lessons from Marine Ecology about Recovery
... This information can have strong management implications, because it may signal the range of likely impacts from a given environmental change and inform choices among different management strategies. Unfortunately, however, information about ecological recovery is often incomplete or indirect. The b ...
... This information can have strong management implications, because it may signal the range of likely impacts from a given environmental change and inform choices among different management strategies. Unfortunately, however, information about ecological recovery is often incomplete or indirect. The b ...
Chesson, P., Pacala, S., Neuhauser, C. 2001. Environmental niches
... temporal and spatial variation might be expected to be disruptive to the provision of ecosystem services. However, the extent to which this is so must depend on the structure of the ecosystem. At the ecosystem level we can ask, What properties of the organisms individually and collectively maximize ...
... temporal and spatial variation might be expected to be disruptive to the provision of ecosystem services. However, the extent to which this is so must depend on the structure of the ecosystem. At the ecosystem level we can ask, What properties of the organisms individually and collectively maximize ...
Dispersal Rates Affect Species Composition in Metacommunities of
... increasing the average local abundances of many component species (table 1; fig. 2D). However, increased dispersal rates had no effect on local diversity when Wyeomyia smithii was present, which may have resulted from the direct affect of predation on extinction rates or the success of invasion (Shu ...
... increasing the average local abundances of many component species (table 1; fig. 2D). However, increased dispersal rates had no effect on local diversity when Wyeomyia smithii was present, which may have resulted from the direct affect of predation on extinction rates or the success of invasion (Shu ...
AND SPECIES RICHNESS
... and the Departmentof Zoology,Michigan State University,HickoryCorners,Michigan 5Departmentof Biological Sciences, University 49060; e-mail: [email protected]; of Alabama, Tuscaloosa,Alabama35487-0344; e-mail: [email protected]; 6Departmentof Zoology, Universityof Wisconsin,Madison, Wisco ...
... and the Departmentof Zoology,Michigan State University,HickoryCorners,Michigan 5Departmentof Biological Sciences, University 49060; e-mail: [email protected]; of Alabama, Tuscaloosa,Alabama35487-0344; e-mail: [email protected]; 6Departmentof Zoology, Universityof Wisconsin,Madison, Wisco ...
Biodiversity and the functioning of seagrass ecosystems
... reasons for understanding how declining biodiversity mediates ecosystem functional processes such as productivity, trophic transfer, and carbon storage. Recognizing these links, the potential influence of changing biodiversity on ecosystem functioning (BEF) has become a central topic in ecology and ...
... reasons for understanding how declining biodiversity mediates ecosystem functional processes such as productivity, trophic transfer, and carbon storage. Recognizing these links, the potential influence of changing biodiversity on ecosystem functioning (BEF) has become a central topic in ecology and ...
Preface 1 PDF
... Chapter 7, by Benayas and Bullock, discusses the challenges of restoring forests on agricultural land where tree recruitment is limited either by soil degradation or limited seed dispersal, and frame that discussion in the “land sharing” versus “land sparing” debate. They advocate a proactive approa ...
... Chapter 7, by Benayas and Bullock, discusses the challenges of restoring forests on agricultural land where tree recruitment is limited either by soil degradation or limited seed dispersal, and frame that discussion in the “land sharing” versus “land sparing” debate. They advocate a proactive approa ...
Is a healthy ecosystem one that is rich in parasites?
... [23]. Furthermore, more than 100 species of frog have gone extinct in the past ten years probably as a result of the interaction between climate change, anthropogenic factors and a chytrid fungal pathogen [24]; this gives cause for concern about how these factors might interact and influence the fut ...
... [23]. Furthermore, more than 100 species of frog have gone extinct in the past ten years probably as a result of the interaction between climate change, anthropogenic factors and a chytrid fungal pathogen [24]; this gives cause for concern about how these factors might interact and influence the fut ...
Nitrogen enrichment and plant communities
... Holland et al.46 synthesized wet-deposition fluxes (those occurring in precipitation) across the United States and found peak NH4 + deposition over the Midwest. In contrast, NO3 − deposition peak over the Northeastern states. In many areas, the combination of N and other atmospheric pollutants has l ...
... Holland et al.46 synthesized wet-deposition fluxes (those occurring in precipitation) across the United States and found peak NH4 + deposition over the Midwest. In contrast, NO3 − deposition peak over the Northeastern states. In many areas, the combination of N and other atmospheric pollutants has l ...
Coevolution between native and invasive plant competitors
... native and exotic species, though these effects may not be entirely symmetrical, due to differences in both the frequency of interactions and the strength of competitive ability between native and invasive species. Capacity for evolution in native species and exotic species Population size, growth r ...
... native and exotic species, though these effects may not be entirely symmetrical, due to differences in both the frequency of interactions and the strength of competitive ability between native and invasive species. Capacity for evolution in native species and exotic species Population size, growth r ...
1 - Shepway District Council
... conditions or obligations. Planning authorities should refuse permission where harm to the species or their habitats would result unless the need for, and benefits of, the development clearly outweigh that harm.’ ...
... conditions or obligations. Planning authorities should refuse permission where harm to the species or their habitats would result unless the need for, and benefits of, the development clearly outweigh that harm.’ ...
Cunningham et al
... Structure and Composition of Presettlement Forests of Eastern North America.” Conservation Biology ...
... Structure and Composition of Presettlement Forests of Eastern North America.” Conservation Biology ...
Does natural selection organize ecosystems for the maintenance of
... ecosystem that seem designed to enhance its productivity or diversity. A forest’s health depends on the qualities of its soil. A good soil has remarkably contradictory properties. It is soft enough for roots to penetrate but cohesive enough to stay put. It prevents nutrients and much of the water it ...
... ecosystem that seem designed to enhance its productivity or diversity. A forest’s health depends on the qualities of its soil. A good soil has remarkably contradictory properties. It is soft enough for roots to penetrate but cohesive enough to stay put. It prevents nutrients and much of the water it ...
A Case Study in Concept Determination: Ecological Diversity.
... to distinguish them from indices derived from parameters of statistical models of species abundance, such as the log series [Fisher et al., 1943] and log normal [Preston, 1948], or from biological models, such as the broken stick and overlapping niche model [MacArthur, 1957].2 Unlike parametric indi ...
... to distinguish them from indices derived from parameters of statistical models of species abundance, such as the log series [Fisher et al., 1943] and log normal [Preston, 1948], or from biological models, such as the broken stick and overlapping niche model [MacArthur, 1957].2 Unlike parametric indi ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.