A Case Study in Concept Determination: Ecological Diversity.
... to distinguish them from indices derived from parameters of statistical models of species abundance, such as the log series [Fisher et al., 1943] and log normal [Preston, 1948], or from biological models, such as the broken stick and overlapping niche model [MacArthur, 1957].2 Unlike parametric indi ...
... to distinguish them from indices derived from parameters of statistical models of species abundance, such as the log series [Fisher et al., 1943] and log normal [Preston, 1948], or from biological models, such as the broken stick and overlapping niche model [MacArthur, 1957].2 Unlike parametric indi ...
microbial diversity and global environmental issues
... ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE The international Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part” (UNEP, 1992). ...
... ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE The international Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part” (UNEP, 1992). ...
Than Muck Munchers: Detritivores Impact Primary Producer Food Web
... rates. Inconsistencies in the above studies may be due to indirect effects of relaxed predation on different detritivore functional groups (microbivores vs. omnivores) (Hedlund and Öhrn 2000, Mikola et al. 2002), or differences in vulnerability of detritivores to predation. Detritivores that serve a ...
... rates. Inconsistencies in the above studies may be due to indirect effects of relaxed predation on different detritivore functional groups (microbivores vs. omnivores) (Hedlund and Öhrn 2000, Mikola et al. 2002), or differences in vulnerability of detritivores to predation. Detritivores that serve a ...
Separating the influence of resource `availability` from resource
... of PDR are known to differ among groups of organisms and between scales of observation; yet, we currently have no mechanism to explain how or why PDR might qualitatively shift at different scales or levels of biological organization. Two recent reviews have argued that for most natural gradients, di ...
... of PDR are known to differ among groups of organisms and between scales of observation; yet, we currently have no mechanism to explain how or why PDR might qualitatively shift at different scales or levels of biological organization. Two recent reviews have argued that for most natural gradients, di ...
3.6 M - Thierry Karsenti
... we need not, in defining it, get caught up in its ultimate complexity. Ecology incorporates and overlaps with many other disciplines in both the biological and physical sciences. Certainly on one level, there is no information about the natural environment that does not have some applicability to ec ...
... we need not, in defining it, get caught up in its ultimate complexity. Ecology incorporates and overlaps with many other disciplines in both the biological and physical sciences. Certainly on one level, there is no information about the natural environment that does not have some applicability to ec ...
Reinventing mutualism between humans and wild fauna: insights
... cultural services (role of birds in art and religion or birdwatching tourism) (Whelan et al. 2008). The ecosystem services provided by birds mainly occur beyond urban boundaries, but can occasionally take place within highly anthropized (human-altered) environments. Urban areas represent particular ...
... cultural services (role of birds in art and religion or birdwatching tourism) (Whelan et al. 2008). The ecosystem services provided by birds mainly occur beyond urban boundaries, but can occasionally take place within highly anthropized (human-altered) environments. Urban areas represent particular ...
Section 1: What Is an Ecosystem?
... Succession, continued • An ecosystem responds to change in such a way that the ecosystem is restored to equilibrium. • For example, when a tree falls down in a rain forest, the newly vacant patch proceeds through succession until the patch returns to its original state. • Sometimes, the ecosystem wi ...
... Succession, continued • An ecosystem responds to change in such a way that the ecosystem is restored to equilibrium. • For example, when a tree falls down in a rain forest, the newly vacant patch proceeds through succession until the patch returns to its original state. • Sometimes, the ecosystem wi ...
Ecosystem services and conservation strategy: beware the silver bullet
... Second, once market values are associated with different stocks of natural capital, there is a risk that certain types of high value services will dominate management strategies (Carnus et al. 2006). Ecosystems may not have to be particularly diverse or pristine to deliver some ecosystem services (e ...
... Second, once market values are associated with different stocks of natural capital, there is a risk that certain types of high value services will dominate management strategies (Carnus et al. 2006). Ecosystems may not have to be particularly diverse or pristine to deliver some ecosystem services (e ...
What Is an Ecosystem?
... Succession, continued • An ecosystem responds to change in such a way that the ecosystem is restored to equilibrium. • For example, when a tree falls down in a rain forest, the newly vacant patch proceeds through succession until the patch returns to its original state. • Sometimes, the ecosystem wi ...
... Succession, continued • An ecosystem responds to change in such a way that the ecosystem is restored to equilibrium. • For example, when a tree falls down in a rain forest, the newly vacant patch proceeds through succession until the patch returns to its original state. • Sometimes, the ecosystem wi ...
insight review articles - Montana State University
... species richness is the relationship between the number of species in an area and ambient available (‘usable’) environmental energy. (This energy is usually estimated from models or indirectly from other variables, and often used interchangeably with ‘net primary productivity’.) The form and cause o ...
... species richness is the relationship between the number of species in an area and ambient available (‘usable’) environmental energy. (This energy is usually estimated from models or indirectly from other variables, and often used interchangeably with ‘net primary productivity’.) The form and cause o ...
Species, Functional Groups, and Thresholds in Ecological Resilience
... distribution of functions within and across the scales of an ecosystem is thought to be a critical component of resilience (Peterson et al. 1998; Allen et al. 2005). If this is the case, then an assessment of resilience via the crossscale distribution of function may affect prioritization of species ...
... distribution of functions within and across the scales of an ecosystem is thought to be a critical component of resilience (Peterson et al. 1998; Allen et al. 2005). If this is the case, then an assessment of resilience via the crossscale distribution of function may affect prioritization of species ...
Protecting threatened species and ecological communities from
... are increasing. The State of the Environment 2011 reported that invasive species impacts on biodiversity were deteriorating. See Appendix 1 for a more detailed summary of the State of the Environment findings. The deteriorating trend is due to an accelerating rate of new invaders (such as myrtle rus ...
... are increasing. The State of the Environment 2011 reported that invasive species impacts on biodiversity were deteriorating. See Appendix 1 for a more detailed summary of the State of the Environment findings. The deteriorating trend is due to an accelerating rate of new invaders (such as myrtle rus ...
Chapter One Targets
... I can explain why burning fossil fuels is harmful to the environment. I can draw the general trend in carbon dioxide concentration over time. I can describe how chemicals pollute Earth’s air and water. I can describe the effect increased population growth will have on the environment. ...
... I can explain why burning fossil fuels is harmful to the environment. I can draw the general trend in carbon dioxide concentration over time. I can describe how chemicals pollute Earth’s air and water. I can describe the effect increased population growth will have on the environment. ...
Biol 419. Community Ecology - Washington University Department
... Observatory (ForestGEO), a global network of forest-ecology plots and scientists dedicated to the study of tropical and temperate forest function and diversity (http://www.forestgeo.si.edu). The TRCP data set provides unique opportunities to gain experience in comparative ecological research at the ...
... Observatory (ForestGEO), a global network of forest-ecology plots and scientists dedicated to the study of tropical and temperate forest function and diversity (http://www.forestgeo.si.edu). The TRCP data set provides unique opportunities to gain experience in comparative ecological research at the ...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Foreword
... Several researchers have argued for Paleocene dinosaurs. These arguments are based on the discovery of dinosaur remains in the Hell Creek Formation up to 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) above and 40,000 years later than the K–T boundary. Pollen samples recovered near a fossilized hadrosaur femur recovered in ...
... Several researchers have argued for Paleocene dinosaurs. These arguments are based on the discovery of dinosaur remains in the Hell Creek Formation up to 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) above and 40,000 years later than the K–T boundary. Pollen samples recovered near a fossilized hadrosaur femur recovered in ...
some features of ecosystems
... indicate the relationship between a community and its physical environment and describe the nature of the community. Community boundaries imply the existence of discrete units and distinct boundaries but this is not a fundamental question. What matters most is the level of organization within a comm ...
... indicate the relationship between a community and its physical environment and describe the nature of the community. Community boundaries imply the existence of discrete units and distinct boundaries but this is not a fundamental question. What matters most is the level of organization within a comm ...
The Scientific Research Requirements of an Ecosystem
... Ecosystem Status Report for ESSIM Area Paper prepared for SCOR 2004 Paris Symposium ...
... Ecosystem Status Report for ESSIM Area Paper prepared for SCOR 2004 Paris Symposium ...
as a PDF
... expanding deterministic limits on local diversity over time (May, 2001). However, host range expansion and speciation of arthropods on islands can be extremely rapid (Strong, 1974; Mendelson & Shaw, 2005). To better test the influence of geological time, wellconstrained gradients of ecosystem age ov ...
... expanding deterministic limits on local diversity over time (May, 2001). However, host range expansion and speciation of arthropods on islands can be extremely rapid (Strong, 1974; Mendelson & Shaw, 2005). To better test the influence of geological time, wellconstrained gradients of ecosystem age ov ...
Estuarine Macrophytes at Bakkhali, Cox`s Bazar, Bangladesh with
... they may have been imported. Macrophytes in the inter-tidal area serve as a nursery ground, nutrient source and primary food source of fish, invertebrates and coastal birds. The coastal macrophytes play a vital role in the life history ...
... they may have been imported. Macrophytes in the inter-tidal area serve as a nursery ground, nutrient source and primary food source of fish, invertebrates and coastal birds. The coastal macrophytes play a vital role in the life history ...
Conservation Systematics: The Bufo boreas Species Group
... disagreements among “splitters” and “lumpers”) and which criteria should be used to recognize species, but there will be much less contention about the presence of lineages or clades once they are discovered. Due to the current extinction crisis and limited time and funding, inclusive descriptions o ...
... disagreements among “splitters” and “lumpers”) and which criteria should be used to recognize species, but there will be much less contention about the presence of lineages or clades once they are discovered. Due to the current extinction crisis and limited time and funding, inclusive descriptions o ...
Unit 1 Review
... Predators have adaptations to help them catch their prey. Prey have adaptations to help avoid predators. Examples include spines and shells, camoflage and mimicry. The number of predators and prey influence each other. See pages 44 - 47 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 ...
... Predators have adaptations to help them catch their prey. Prey have adaptations to help avoid predators. Examples include spines and shells, camoflage and mimicry. The number of predators and prey influence each other. See pages 44 - 47 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 ...
Flora Expert Panel Report - Department of Environment and
... West Highlands; the Cloncurry, Flinders and Norman from the Mitchell Grass Downs; the Gilbert, Staaten, Nassau and Mitchell from the Einasleigh Uplands. The coastal edge is dominated by marine plains of clay, silt and sand with mangroves, saltpans and mudflats. Further inland, grasslands and woodlan ...
... West Highlands; the Cloncurry, Flinders and Norman from the Mitchell Grass Downs; the Gilbert, Staaten, Nassau and Mitchell from the Einasleigh Uplands. The coastal edge is dominated by marine plains of clay, silt and sand with mangroves, saltpans and mudflats. Further inland, grasslands and woodlan ...
A Review of Endemic Species in the Eastern Arc Afromontane Region
... into biogeographical questions, such as where certain species originated and how distribution patterns have changed over time. The humans and other species in the Eastern Arc also rely on the biodiversity for basic needs and survival, and if biodiversity in the region were to significantly drop, the ...
... into biogeographical questions, such as where certain species originated and how distribution patterns have changed over time. The humans and other species in the Eastern Arc also rely on the biodiversity for basic needs and survival, and if biodiversity in the region were to significantly drop, the ...
Oulanka Research Station, FINLAND September 8th – 11th, 2014
... no exception, with multiple human disturbances driving losses of species at local and regional scales. Most of the early stream B-EF research was conducted in laboratory microcosms, and these results indicate that increasing the species richness of detritivores often has positive effects on leaf dec ...
... no exception, with multiple human disturbances driving losses of species at local and regional scales. Most of the early stream B-EF research was conducted in laboratory microcosms, and these results indicate that increasing the species richness of detritivores often has positive effects on leaf dec ...
Proposed structure of synthese paper
... (Bianchi et al. 2007; Thomson and Hoffmann 2010). Additionally, a diverse and ...
... (Bianchi et al. 2007; Thomson and Hoffmann 2010). Additionally, a diverse and ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.