High vulnerability of ecosystem function and services to diversity
... diversity and function is to examine the relationship between measures of diversity, such as species diversity, functional diversity and redundancy, and measures of ecosystem function and services. The consequences of diversity loss for ecosystem functions and services are likely dependent on the sh ...
... diversity and function is to examine the relationship between measures of diversity, such as species diversity, functional diversity and redundancy, and measures of ecosystem function and services. The consequences of diversity loss for ecosystem functions and services are likely dependent on the sh ...
Is Taxonomic Diversity Enough? The Role of Phylogenetic
... The results of the above statistical analysis do not offer strong evidence in support of the importance of functional diversity in community response to environmental stressors. There were slight, but consistent, trends across diversities indices that are important to consider. The relationships be ...
... The results of the above statistical analysis do not offer strong evidence in support of the importance of functional diversity in community response to environmental stressors. There were slight, but consistent, trends across diversities indices that are important to consider. The relationships be ...
Chapter 266 - Global Declines of Amphibians
... population declines and even extinctions of amphibian species around the world. Assessments of the world’s amphibians (Stuart et al., 2004, 2008) found that nearly a third of the known species of amphibians are globally threatened with extinction and that at least 42% of known amphibian species are ...
... population declines and even extinctions of amphibian species around the world. Assessments of the world’s amphibians (Stuart et al., 2004, 2008) found that nearly a third of the known species of amphibians are globally threatened with extinction and that at least 42% of known amphibian species are ...
The emergence and promise of functional biogeography
... primary aspect of functional biogeography (63, 64). Future efforts to quantify both intraspecific phenotypic and genetic variation within species’ ranges should bring interesting insights into the eco-evolutionary drivers of species’ distributions and help bridge functional ecology, spatial ecology, ...
... primary aspect of functional biogeography (63, 64). Future efforts to quantify both intraspecific phenotypic and genetic variation within species’ ranges should bring interesting insights into the eco-evolutionary drivers of species’ distributions and help bridge functional ecology, spatial ecology, ...
Cunningham et al - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Feinsinger, Peter. 2001. Designing Field Studies for Biodiversity Conservation. Island Press. A useful guide to using ecological principles in conservation work. Freedman, Bill. 1995. Environmental Ecology: The ecological effects of pollution, disturbance, and other stresses. Academic Press. A good ...
... Feinsinger, Peter. 2001. Designing Field Studies for Biodiversity Conservation. Island Press. A useful guide to using ecological principles in conservation work. Freedman, Bill. 1995. Environmental Ecology: The ecological effects of pollution, disturbance, and other stresses. Academic Press. A good ...
Biome
... 3) The two most important factors in determining biome type are: a) precipitation and soil type b) humidity and altitude c) altitude and precipitation d) precipitation and temperature e) temperature and altitude ...
... 3) The two most important factors in determining biome type are: a) precipitation and soil type b) humidity and altitude c) altitude and precipitation d) precipitation and temperature e) temperature and altitude ...
The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: what have we learned
... maturity at an earlier age and smaller size, produce more and smaller offspring per litter and devote more resources to each litter. Food availability for guppies varies with environmental factors such as forest canopy cover, such that less canopy cover favours the development of a larger algal crop ...
... maturity at an earlier age and smaller size, produce more and smaller offspring per litter and devote more resources to each litter. Food availability for guppies varies with environmental factors such as forest canopy cover, such that less canopy cover favours the development of a larger algal crop ...
Benthic use of phytoplankton blooms: Agnes M. L. Karlson
... species richness have been proposed (e.g. Lawton 1994). First, the linear, “rivet” hypothesis suggests that all species contribute to ecosystem function (e.g. Lawton 1994). Second, the “redundancy” hypothesis suggests that ecosystems can lose many species with no consequences for their performance, ...
... species richness have been proposed (e.g. Lawton 1994). First, the linear, “rivet” hypothesis suggests that all species contribute to ecosystem function (e.g. Lawton 1994). Second, the “redundancy” hypothesis suggests that ecosystems can lose many species with no consequences for their performance, ...
Summer 2015 packet
... 7. Write out the formula for a population’s growth under an idealized environment. Define the terms. ...
... 7. Write out the formula for a population’s growth under an idealized environment. Define the terms. ...
Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in
... replicates and thus not overlap too much in species composition ( Jetz & Fine 2012). Comprehensive lists of the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the resident biota must be available for these regions as well as accurate region-wide data on the various drivers hypothesized to drive diversi ...
... replicates and thus not overlap too much in species composition ( Jetz & Fine 2012). Comprehensive lists of the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the resident biota must be available for these regions as well as accurate region-wide data on the various drivers hypothesized to drive diversi ...
Effects of River Impoundment on Ecosystem Services
... without estimating some alternative dollar value based on replacement or willingness-to-pay estimates (Groot et al. 2002). Comparisons among methods of valuing ecosystem services, such as between energetic value and market value as in our study, may be especially informative (e.g., Costanza 1980; Cl ...
... without estimating some alternative dollar value based on replacement or willingness-to-pay estimates (Groot et al. 2002). Comparisons among methods of valuing ecosystem services, such as between energetic value and market value as in our study, may be especially informative (e.g., Costanza 1980; Cl ...
Speciation
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
A PRELIMINARY ECOREGION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR
... Habitat diversity should also be considered. This can include specific habitat types such as reaches with a high diversity of habitat types, i.e. pools, riffles, runs, rapids, waterfalls, riparian forests, etc. ...
... Habitat diversity should also be considered. This can include specific habitat types such as reaches with a high diversity of habitat types, i.e. pools, riffles, runs, rapids, waterfalls, riparian forests, etc. ...
Here - Tylianakis Lab Group
... Because the functional complementarity metric was initially highly correlated with parasitoid abundance (Appendix B), we standardized the host–parasitoid matrices by dividing the values of each cell by the total number of parasitoids present in that food web. We then created a (Euclidean) distance m ...
... Because the functional complementarity metric was initially highly correlated with parasitoid abundance (Appendix B), we standardized the host–parasitoid matrices by dividing the values of each cell by the total number of parasitoids present in that food web. We then created a (Euclidean) distance m ...
Counting the books while the library burns: why conservation
... Conservation monitoring programs are critical for identifying many elements of species ecology and for detecting changes in populations. However, without articulating how monitoring information will trigger relevant conservation actions, programs that monitor species until they become extinct are at ...
... Conservation monitoring programs are critical for identifying many elements of species ecology and for detecting changes in populations. However, without articulating how monitoring information will trigger relevant conservation actions, programs that monitor species until they become extinct are at ...
Stachowicz Annual Reviews - Virginia Institute of Marine Science
... the highest performing monoculture (transgressive overyielding), this can be taken as clear evidence that the richness effect is not accounted for purely by the effects of a dominant species, and that some form of complementarity is operating. The sampling effect occurs when the presence of a partic ...
... the highest performing monoculture (transgressive overyielding), this can be taken as clear evidence that the richness effect is not accounted for purely by the effects of a dominant species, and that some form of complementarity is operating. The sampling effect occurs when the presence of a partic ...
Entomopathogen biodiversity increases host
... most pairings were less effective than single highly effective species. This antagonism may have resulted from negative interactions between microbes or their toxins prior to or during the infection process. In several other studies, pathogen species pairs produced simple additive effects, such that ...
... most pairings were less effective than single highly effective species. This antagonism may have resulted from negative interactions between microbes or their toxins prior to or during the infection process. In several other studies, pathogen species pairs produced simple additive effects, such that ...
The role of plant species in biomass production and response to
... assemblages is caused more by complementarity than by sampling effects (Loreau & Hector 2001; Tilman et al. 2001), yet how species interactions generate complementarity is poorly understood. The lack of understanding of these interactions is especially acute for aggregate properties of the ecosystem ...
... assemblages is caused more by complementarity than by sampling effects (Loreau & Hector 2001; Tilman et al. 2001), yet how species interactions generate complementarity is poorly understood. The lack of understanding of these interactions is especially acute for aggregate properties of the ecosystem ...
Functional and phylogenetic diversity of woody plants drive
... 2010, 2012). For the statistical analyses, we then used the mean damage of the scanned leaves of each class to calculate mean damage levels for each sapling (i.e. to account for potential deviations in the visually estimated damage from the digitally verified mean damage levels; for details, see Sch ...
... 2010, 2012). For the statistical analyses, we then used the mean damage of the scanned leaves of each class to calculate mean damage levels for each sapling (i.e. to account for potential deviations in the visually estimated damage from the digitally verified mean damage levels; for details, see Sch ...
Diversity, productivity and temporal stability in the economies ARTICLE IN PRESS
... among the various entities. Entities that find successful formulas for dealing with their environment, be they organisms in an ecosystem or firms in the marketplace, thrive, grow and replace those that do not. Selection pressures operate in both nature and the market, with surviving entities thus bein ...
... among the various entities. Entities that find successful formulas for dealing with their environment, be they organisms in an ecosystem or firms in the marketplace, thrive, grow and replace those that do not. Selection pressures operate in both nature and the market, with surviving entities thus bein ...
The consequences of consumer diversity loss
... has been different experimental designs. The multiple-predator effects literature typically employs an additive design, while the biodiversity ecosystem function literature typically uses a replacement design. Separately, these designs each detect only a subset of the changes in food web interaction ...
... has been different experimental designs. The multiple-predator effects literature typically employs an additive design, while the biodiversity ecosystem function literature typically uses a replacement design. Separately, these designs each detect only a subset of the changes in food web interaction ...
Environmental proteomics, biodiversity statistics
... ecologists should be measuring changes in the abundance of protein cohorts in response to replicated field manipulations, including nutrient enrichment and removal of top predators. Surveying the protein diversity of communities and ecosystems High-throughput methods for studying and characterizing ...
... ecologists should be measuring changes in the abundance of protein cohorts in response to replicated field manipulations, including nutrient enrichment and removal of top predators. Surveying the protein diversity of communities and ecosystems High-throughput methods for studying and characterizing ...
Trophically Unique Species Are Vulnerable to Cascading Extinction Linköping University Postprint
... Interspecific competition among plant species was modeled by setting the appropriate competition coefficients (randomly drawn from the uniform distribution [⫺0.5, 0]). Interspecific competition among consumer species was indirect through consumption of shared resources. To check how robust results w ...
... Interspecific competition among plant species was modeled by setting the appropriate competition coefficients (randomly drawn from the uniform distribution [⫺0.5, 0]). Interspecific competition among consumer species was indirect through consumption of shared resources. To check how robust results w ...
Publications_files/EEEP Preservation
... Although philosopher-scientists such as Leopold and Victor Shelford (1877-1968) had urged the preservation of representative ecosystems, their concerns were not translated into public preservation policy, which was motivated by the aesthetic appreciation of monumental scenery (as served by the natio ...
... Although philosopher-scientists such as Leopold and Victor Shelford (1877-1968) had urged the preservation of representative ecosystems, their concerns were not translated into public preservation policy, which was motivated by the aesthetic appreciation of monumental scenery (as served by the natio ...
Ecological Restoration - UW Courses Web Server
... Condition of the surrounding matrix is important • Influences how aggressive the restoration approach is ...
... Condition of the surrounding matrix is important • Influences how aggressive the restoration approach is ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.