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Restoration Ecology Capstone Restoration Capstone Instructors UW Bothell UW Seattle UW Tacoma Welcome! Restoration Capstone Students UW Bothell: 7 UW Seattle: 22 UW Tacoma: 4 Warren Gold UW Bothell Jim Fridley UW Seattle Kern Ewing UW Seattle Rodney Pond UW Seattle John Banks UW Tacoma What is “Ecological Restoration” ? 33 Ecological Restoration Ecological restoration is the process of Ecological Restoration Introduction of native plant species into a assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that prepared (or unprepared) site with the goal of has been degraded, damaged or destroyed. fostering natural ecosystem processes and returning the site to a more natural condition. Society for Ecological Restoration (2002) Kern Ewing 1 Ecological Restoration Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed. Ecological Restoration Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed. What is “recovered” ? Stuff Historical conditions S i t for Society f Ecological E l i lR Restoration t ti Functions Course emphasis (Goods & Services) Ecosystem Functions • Nutrient cycling • Soil formation • Primary productivity / food Read CHAPTER 4 on What kind of knowledge / expertise Ecosystem Functions does it take to do restoration? • Water quality (for week 3) • Habitat • Climate regulation • Disturbance regulation • Disease regulation Restoration Ecology Capstone Approach Ecological restoration • is MULTIDISCIPLINARY • involves application of principles from a variety of fields • Focus on recovery of ecological functions • Appreciative project design • Design decisions based on scientific evidence & principles • Community-based projects • Intentional project management 2 Spirit of the Restoration Ecology Capstone Real-life ecological restoration project experience • Multiple phases of a restoration project for a real “community partner” • Applying the knowledge you’ve gained in academia (& beyond) • Multidisciplinary, collaborative team-based experience What matters in college? “Essential learning outcomes” College Learning for the New Global Century, AACU 2007 • Knowledge of human cultures and the natural and physical world • Intellectual & practical skills • Personal & social responsibility • Integrative learning 9 Can you articulate what you know to others in different disciplines? • Integrative learning What matters in college? “Essential learning outcomes” College Learning for the New Global Century, AACU 2007 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Restoration Ecology Network Engaging the Region: The UW Restoration Ecology Network • Integrative learning “Synthesis and advanced accomplishment across general and specialized studies” studies - demonstrated through the application of knowledge, skills, and responsibilities to new settings and complex problems UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Restoration Ecology Network UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Restoration Ecology Network Using natural sciences to restore damaged landscapes Engaging UW students with communities across the region Using social sciences to build community stewardship 3 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Restoration Ecology Network UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Restoration Ecology Network November 2006 March 2007 May 2007 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Restoration Ecology Network UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Restoration Ecology Network Capstone Project Community Partners 1999 - 2008 Private Schools: 2 Evergreen School (Shoreline) Islandwood (Bainbridge Island) y Groups: p 2 Community Licton Springs Park Assoc (Seattle) Friends of Hylebos (Hylebos Cr) City Governments: 6 City of Bothell (Thrashers Corner Pk) City of Redmond (Grasslawn Park) City of Shoreline (Saltwater Park) City of Woodinville (Big Bear Creek) City of Kirkland (Cotton Hill Park) City of Seattle (8 Parks) Capstone Project Community Partners 1999 - 2008 County Governments: 2 Snohomish County (Swamp Creek) King County (2 sites) Tribal Governments: 1 S Snoqualmie l i N Nation ti (C (Coall C Creek) k) Utilities / Public Institutions: 2 Tacoma Power (Nisqually Gravel pit) Port of Seattle (Duwamish) UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Restoration Ecology Network Project Team Restoration Tools & Lessons Review Community Partner RFP The REN Capstone Experience: Winter Quarter Community Partner Classes & Labs Submit RFP Restoration Tools & Lessons Site Analysis Site reviews Team meetings: problem solving Functional req. & constraints Proposal Private Individuals & Institutions: 4 Landowners: Mercer Island, Carnation, Snohomish, Port Gamble Earth Sanctuary (Whidbey Island) UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Restoration Ecology Network The REN Capstone Experience: Fall Quarter Classes & Labs Higher Ed Institutions: 3 UW (Union Bay Natural Area; Arboretum) Tacoma Community College Pierce College Proposal review & approval Team meetings: problem solving Project Team Work Plan Community Partner p Site Preparation Work Plan review Project Implementation Equipment , materials & logistics support Stewardship building & plan 4 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Restoration Ecology Network Ecological Restoration The REN Capstone Experience: Spring Quarter Classes & Labs Team meetings: problem solving Community Partner Project Team Project Completion As-Built report Stewardship building & plan Equipment , materials & logistics support Stewardship training Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been SER (2002) degraded, damaged or destroyed. “The role of the practitioner is to reinitiate i iti t ecosystem t d development.” l t” Restoration is not a singular event Clewell & Aronson (2007) !! CELEBRATION !! The “process of recovery” “An ecosystem has a developmental trajectory… This trajectory can be predicted into the future… future The accuracy of that prediction depends upon: the environment & random events” Clewell & Aronson (2007) Restoration as a process: trajectory & endpoint Ecosystem Characteristics Ecological Restoration Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been SER (2002) degraded, damaged or destroyed. Time “An ecosystem has a developmental trajectory… This trajectory can be predicted into the future… The accuracy of that prediction depends upon: the environment & random events” Clewell & Aronson (2007) Trajectory Endpoints: What is “recovery”? Trajectory Endpoints: In a restoration there is maximum recovery of ecosystem How do we determine the desired endpoint ? structure and functions Reference models CHAPTER 5 ! Bradshaw (1987) Bradshaw (1987) 5 Ecological Restoration Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed. Connecting principles to practice: ecological science & restoration Society for Ecological Restoration (2002) “Once an ecosystem has undergone ecological restoration,, it should be self-organizing, g g, selfsustaining, and capable of maintaining itself …” Clewell & Aronson (2007) Restoration ≠ landscaping project Ecological Concepts Succession • Succession • Patch dynamics • Diversity • Holocoenotic environment • Non-equilibrium community dynamics • Island biogeography • Adaptation – Acclimation y strategies g • Life history Gradual, directional change in species composition or structure of a plant community over time Barbour et al al. (1999) Background readings on these concepts available on electronic reserve (linked to course web page under “Supplemental Materials”) Succession following abandonment of a farm field in North Carolina Seral Stages Succession following fire in a PNW Forest TIME Climax Stage FIRE Pioneer Stage Biological & Structural Diversity accumulate through time 6 Multiple possible endpoints & trajectories Community Characteristics C Community Characteristics C Multiple possible endpoints Time Community Characteristics Multiple possible endpoints & trajectories Time Succession – restoration implications Gradual, directional change in species composition or structure of a plant community over time Barbour et al. (1999) • Restoration initiates and directs this process • Often not completely deterministic, though certain “assembly assembly rules” rules frequently apply Time Endpoints & trajectories determined by • Design should consider autogenic & allogenic factors that may influence trajectory & endpoint of restoration • Autogenic factors (biota themselves) • Allogenic factors (e.g., disturbance, invasives) Diversity Structural Diversity Biological (species) Diversity • Horizontal • Richness • Vertical • Equitability Consider key factors that underlay biodiversity Topography Environmental diversity Biodiversity 7 Topographic variation fosters diversity Mounds created with Woody Debris (logs) Ecological restoration created topography & environmental diversity at UWB Varying topography Æ Plant species diversity Æ Animal habitat diversity MOUND PIT Growing diversity based upon topography Trees growing on mound Water-filled pit 8 Consider key factors that underlay biodiversity Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Biodiversity Disturbance Topography Environmental diversity Competitive exclusion Environmental stress Disturbance (frequency, intensity) Biodiversity Flooding disturbance & diversity Biological disturbance & diversity Elwha River Consider key factors that underlay biodiversity Topography Vegetation structure Disturbance Vertical diversity in a forest Forest VERTICAL structural complexity Æ Habitat diversity Æ Animal diversity Environmental diversity Biodiversity Kruckeberg (1991) 9 Diversity – implications for restoration Is diversity always desirable? • Diversity ≠ Good Good community ? Diversity – implications for restoration • Diversity ≠ Good Bad community ? RADIATION The Holocoenotic Environment 1. Mulitple Factors • IF biodiversity is important to your project consider how you can modify the underlying environmental factors that foster diversity • Abiotic • Biotic 2. Factor Interaction organism WATER (e.g., topography, vegetation structure, disturbance) PLANTS SOIL ROCKS The Holocoentoic Environment Air temperature Insect herbivores Competing shrubs Billings (1978) The Holocoentoic Environment Implications for restoration? • Changes you make can have Fire Soil moisture • Limitations on species can arise from many angles Humidity Insect pollinators complex implications Soil N Soil OM Storm frequency 10 Island Biogeography – Landscape Ecology Island Biogeography – Landscape Ecology “Patch” Restoration projects as functional islands “Matrix” • Rate of colonization of island depends on distance from reservoir • Local extinction rates are higher for patches further from large reservoirs • Local extinction rates are higher for smaller patches Island Biogeography – restoration implications Island Biogeography – restoration implications Condition of the surrounding matrix is important • Influences how aggressive the restoration approach is “Patch” • Influences maintenance requirements & long-term success “Matrix” Likelihood Site will recover on its own • Smaller, isolated patches of restored ecosystems are much less stable and require more maintenance (more prone to invasion by non-native species and loss of natives). Considerable maintenance required after restoration Long term success • Will the “build-it-and-they-will-come” approach work? Natural Semi-natural Highly Modified Condition of Matrix Patches in the urban matrix Patch dynamics Non-equilibrium community dynamics Patches can occur WITHIN your site as well! Plant communities are often better thought of as a mosaic of dynamic patches rather than Uniform, stable climax assemblages 11 Patch dynamics Non-equilibrium community dynamics Patch dynamics Non-equilibrium community dynamics Traditional, equilibrium-based view Species composition at a site / patch is a function of • Site availability (site conditions) • Species availability (can they get there?) Patch dynamics view • Species performance (can they handle it there?) Patch dynamics Non-equilibrium community dynamics Adaptation – Acclimation Adaptation – genetic range of a species’ tolerance for environmental condition Restoration implications Dry • Tempers the absoluteness of targets Restoration Implications 9Anticipate development of a mosaic rather than homogeneity 9Allow for dynamic nature of real system Right plant – right place – right time • Know your plant material (species, ecotype) • Recognize the importance of species availability for recolonization in a patchy, long-term dynamic system • Conditions of place are a moving target • Plant assemblage is a moving target Adaptation – Acclimation Restoration Implications Flexibility of plants to changing conditions • Know your site – how important is acclimation ability? 9 Seasonal changes 9 Successional changes High Wet Pote ential Produ uctivity Environmental Gradient Competitive Low Life History Strategies: Ruderal – Competitive – Stress Tolerant Acclimation – phenotypic adjustment to changing environmental conditions Dry Wet Environmental Gradient Stress Tolerant Ruderal Low High Disturbance 12 High Low Po otential Productivity R – C – S Life Histories: restoration implications Competitive Ruderal Stress Tolerant Low Disturbance High Consider life history attributes that place species in these categories Select species appropriate for mix of environmental conditions in SPACE & TIME 13