Population
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
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... enemies of those pests. Considering total pesticide use would allow reliable comparisons of total pesticide input per area, toxicity, and total area sprayed under GM and non–GM treatments in a large number of individual farms (Marvier, 2002). Based on more recent data (Champion et al., 2003), it see ...
... enemies of those pests. Considering total pesticide use would allow reliable comparisons of total pesticide input per area, toxicity, and total area sprayed under GM and non–GM treatments in a large number of individual farms (Marvier, 2002). Based on more recent data (Champion et al., 2003), it see ...
Biodiversity in tropical agroforests and the ecological role of ants
... may also be important in consideration of the insurance hypothesis of biodiversity function (Yachi & Loreau, 1999). The insurance hypothesis states that although particular species may not appear currently to affect ecosystem function, maintaining diversity may provide long-term stability when envir ...
... may also be important in consideration of the insurance hypothesis of biodiversity function (Yachi & Loreau, 1999). The insurance hypothesis states that although particular species may not appear currently to affect ecosystem function, maintaining diversity may provide long-term stability when envir ...
Transgenic Crops: Implications for Biodiversity and Sustainable
... enemies of those pests. Considering total pesticide use would allow reliable comparisons of total pesticide input per area, toxicity, and total area sprayed under GM and non–GM treatments in a large number of individual farms (Marvier, 2002). Based on more recent data (Champion et al., 2003), it see ...
... enemies of those pests. Considering total pesticide use would allow reliable comparisons of total pesticide input per area, toxicity, and total area sprayed under GM and non–GM treatments in a large number of individual farms (Marvier, 2002). Based on more recent data (Champion et al., 2003), it see ...
The challenge of wild nature conserving itself
... between nature conservation and wilding would lie, given that none of the authors were disinterested in one way or the other. A recent attitude survey on biodiversity was conducted as part of the Special Eurobarometer series of the European Commission. Biodiversity was defined in the survey as the t ...
... between nature conservation and wilding would lie, given that none of the authors were disinterested in one way or the other. A recent attitude survey on biodiversity was conducted as part of the Special Eurobarometer series of the European Commission. Biodiversity was defined in the survey as the t ...
Patterns of species diversity and phylogenetic structure of vascular
... Large-scale patterns of species richness and the underlying mechanisms regulating these patterns have long been the central issues in biogeography and macroecology. Phylogenetic community structure is a result of combined effects of contemporary ecological interactions, environmental filtering, and ...
... Large-scale patterns of species richness and the underlying mechanisms regulating these patterns have long been the central issues in biogeography and macroecology. Phylogenetic community structure is a result of combined effects of contemporary ecological interactions, environmental filtering, and ...
ecosystems - Friends of Ventura River
... or new ecosystems are formed, biodiversity increases. Biodiversity decreases when genetic variation decreases, a species becomes extinct, or when an ecosystem complex is lost (Gallo et al. 2005). Energy flows, nutrient and hydrological cycles, natural disturbance regimes, and feedback mechanisms all ...
... or new ecosystems are formed, biodiversity increases. Biodiversity decreases when genetic variation decreases, a species becomes extinct, or when an ecosystem complex is lost (Gallo et al. 2005). Energy flows, nutrient and hydrological cycles, natural disturbance regimes, and feedback mechanisms all ...
Environmental Factors Shaping the Littoral Biodiversity in the
... partly due to changes in land-use management and practices, but more importantly due to eutrophication. Therefore it has been a common “silent” understanding that nature protection measures, e.g. foundation of nature protection areas and biosphere reserves should be done predominantly in areas least ...
... partly due to changes in land-use management and practices, but more importantly due to eutrophication. Therefore it has been a common “silent” understanding that nature protection measures, e.g. foundation of nature protection areas and biosphere reserves should be done predominantly in areas least ...
Manchester Biodiversity Strategy
... Habitats and Species Appendices 1 and 2 give details of factors that adversely affect priority habitats and species. Many of the same issues affect both species and habitats, these can be summarised (in no order of importance or effect) as: ...
... Habitats and Species Appendices 1 and 2 give details of factors that adversely affect priority habitats and species. Many of the same issues affect both species and habitats, these can be summarised (in no order of importance or effect) as: ...
140818 PPR Redef of Anthroposphere R7.1
... the soil, to the great variety of plants and animals that we use for food, clothes and housing, all the way back down to those organisms that consume our wastes. But the biosphere of the Earth can be said to be more than the sum of its parts. The biosphere in which our species evolved and of which o ...
... the soil, to the great variety of plants and animals that we use for food, clothes and housing, all the way back down to those organisms that consume our wastes. But the biosphere of the Earth can be said to be more than the sum of its parts. The biosphere in which our species evolved and of which o ...
The functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems
... species, strongly affects ecosystem-level processes, comparatively little was known about how these same processes are affected by the number of species within trophic levels. Thus, in the 1990s, a new wave of studies began to use model systems to address this issue. With notable exceptions (Naeem e ...
... species, strongly affects ecosystem-level processes, comparatively little was known about how these same processes are affected by the number of species within trophic levels. Thus, in the 1990s, a new wave of studies began to use model systems to address this issue. With notable exceptions (Naeem e ...
Chapter 6: Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas—Life Sciences
... organisms. Life is self-contained, self-sustaining, self-replicating, and evolving, operating according to laws of the physical world, as well as genetic programming. Life scientists use observations, experiments, hypotheses, tests, models, theory, and technology to explore how life works. The study ...
... organisms. Life is self-contained, self-sustaining, self-replicating, and evolving, operating according to laws of the physical world, as well as genetic programming. Life scientists use observations, experiments, hypotheses, tests, models, theory, and technology to explore how life works. The study ...
Organisms and Their Environment
... community are competing for the same food because they all live in the same habitat, but each population feeds in different ways, on different things, and at different times. Each species has its own niche. A niche (neesh) is all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment. It is ho ...
... community are competing for the same food because they all live in the same habitat, but each population feeds in different ways, on different things, and at different times. Each species has its own niche. A niche (neesh) is all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment. It is ho ...
Progress in Physical Geography
... input, but also as the amount of energy captured and transformed into living matter per unit area and time. This provides a complex tree canopy to support biological heterogeneity (Morin, 2000). Thus, long-term productivity initially promotes the generation of viable species populations but it is al ...
... input, but also as the amount of energy captured and transformed into living matter per unit area and time. This provides a complex tree canopy to support biological heterogeneity (Morin, 2000). Thus, long-term productivity initially promotes the generation of viable species populations but it is al ...
Quantifying and interpreting functional diversity of natural communities
... ability to compete for light (Weiher et al. 1999, Grime 2001, Westoby et al. 2002). Consequently, interpretations of functional diversity should take into account that, depending on the availability of trait values for species, we often have access only to structural diversity and expect that it cha ...
... ability to compete for light (Weiher et al. 1999, Grime 2001, Westoby et al. 2002). Consequently, interpretations of functional diversity should take into account that, depending on the availability of trait values for species, we often have access only to structural diversity and expect that it cha ...
Beyond species loss: The extinction of ecological
... disturbance where all species present in the zero stage have lost their habitat. This axis may represent a reversed area axis, widely used to indirectly predict extinction rates with species–area curves (He & Hubbell 2011). It may also represent any axis of habitat deterioration, such as increased i ...
... disturbance where all species present in the zero stage have lost their habitat. This axis may represent a reversed area axis, widely used to indirectly predict extinction rates with species–area curves (He & Hubbell 2011). It may also represent any axis of habitat deterioration, such as increased i ...
Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a
... disturbance where all species present in the zero stage have lost their habitat. This axis may represent a reversed area axis, widely used to indirectly predict extinction rates with species–area curves (He & Hubbell 2011). It may also represent any axis of habitat deterioration, such as increased i ...
... disturbance where all species present in the zero stage have lost their habitat. This axis may represent a reversed area axis, widely used to indirectly predict extinction rates with species–area curves (He & Hubbell 2011). It may also represent any axis of habitat deterioration, such as increased i ...
conclusions from phytoplankton surveys
... on Padisák, Reynolds and Sommer (1993). The nature and origin of disturbance In his original paper, Connell (1978) considered disturbances primarily originating from internal processes (e.g., treefall gaps caused by the death of senescent trees). However, there is no a priori reason why disturbances ...
... on Padisák, Reynolds and Sommer (1993). The nature and origin of disturbance In his original paper, Connell (1978) considered disturbances primarily originating from internal processes (e.g., treefall gaps caused by the death of senescent trees). However, there is no a priori reason why disturbances ...
Relative importance of endogenous and exogenous mechanisms in
... list incorporates a great number of non-exclusive mechanisms, and there have been efforts to unite them all under a common synthetic framework. ...
... list incorporates a great number of non-exclusive mechanisms, and there have been efforts to unite them all under a common synthetic framework. ...
Phylogenetic diversity stabilizes community
... shock represented a disturbance event that perturbs ecological communities away from their steady states, facilitating the investigation of temporal stability. We perturbed the communities by placing the microcosms in a 32°C incubator for 2 h on a weekly base. The abundance of each protist species w ...
... shock represented a disturbance event that perturbs ecological communities away from their steady states, facilitating the investigation of temporal stability. We perturbed the communities by placing the microcosms in a 32°C incubator for 2 h on a weekly base. The abundance of each protist species w ...
Wanger TC, Wielgoss AC, Motzke I, Clough Y, Brook BW, Sodhi NS
... treatment plots. Fences and exclosures were maintained every day and checked every night for toads inside the fence. In all plots and sampling sessions, ant diversity and Anoplolepis abundance—as the only invasive species present—were determined with four sampling plates per plot, baited with tuna a ...
... treatment plots. Fences and exclosures were maintained every day and checked every night for toads inside the fence. In all plots and sampling sessions, ant diversity and Anoplolepis abundance—as the only invasive species present—were determined with four sampling plates per plot, baited with tuna a ...
Weighting and indirect effects identify keystone species in food webs
... that the full range of indirect effects is not covered and foodweb robustness is often overestimated (Curtsdotter et al. 2011). We chose the dynamical approach here and we simulated natural communities using parameter values derived from empirical data, which should provide more realistic outcomes t ...
... that the full range of indirect effects is not covered and foodweb robustness is often overestimated (Curtsdotter et al. 2011). We chose the dynamical approach here and we simulated natural communities using parameter values derived from empirical data, which should provide more realistic outcomes t ...
Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization
... those associated with a simple gain or loss of species [17]. This is particularly so given the broad spatial and temporal milieu within which biotic homogenization operates. It is clearly a more distinct and complex phenomenon than was previously thought, and one whose consequences warrant explicit ...
... those associated with a simple gain or loss of species [17]. This is particularly so given the broad spatial and temporal milieu within which biotic homogenization operates. It is clearly a more distinct and complex phenomenon than was previously thought, and one whose consequences warrant explicit ...
International Capital vs. Local Population: The Environmental Conflict
... consumption and final disposition - and their environmental impacts can be geographically separated many thousands of kilometres. Land transformations and pollution associated with material use not only affect the functioning of natural ecosystems, but also human health and social relations. Thus, e ...
... consumption and final disposition - and their environmental impacts can be geographically separated many thousands of kilometres. Land transformations and pollution associated with material use not only affect the functioning of natural ecosystems, but also human health and social relations. Thus, e ...
Meta-ecosystems: a theoretical framework for a spatial ecosystem
... the impacts of these movements on nutrient cycling, primary productivity and species diversity at both the local and landscape or regional scales. Significant exchanges of materials and organisms also occur at the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Secondary productivity in rivers ...
... the impacts of these movements on nutrient cycling, primary productivity and species diversity at both the local and landscape or regional scales. Significant exchanges of materials and organisms also occur at the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Secondary productivity in rivers ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.