Biodiversity in the Cacao Agroecosystem
... long-term fate of forest species that reside in cacao plantations, what we might think of as the sustained diversity. Scale: the micro and macro of tropical diversity Although studies of diversity on cacao farms tend to focus at the level of the farm and farm management, the basis for diversity of ...
... long-term fate of forest species that reside in cacao plantations, what we might think of as the sustained diversity. Scale: the micro and macro of tropical diversity Although studies of diversity on cacao farms tend to focus at the level of the farm and farm management, the basis for diversity of ...
University of Washington
... Can a trait-based approach help resolve the ‘invasion paradox’ that describes empirical support for both a negative and positive relationship between native species richness and the invasion success of non-native fishes? Given the potentially large number of candidate biological traits, but lack of ...
... Can a trait-based approach help resolve the ‘invasion paradox’ that describes empirical support for both a negative and positive relationship between native species richness and the invasion success of non-native fishes? Given the potentially large number of candidate biological traits, but lack of ...
Aquatic Biodiversity
... 11-1 What Are the Major Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services? • Aquatic species and the ecosystem and economic services they provide are threatened by: – Habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation – All made worse by the growth of the human pop ...
... 11-1 What Are the Major Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services? • Aquatic species and the ecosystem and economic services they provide are threatened by: – Habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation – All made worse by the growth of the human pop ...
Effects of species diversity on the primary productivity of ecosystems
... ecological research (Loreau et al. 2001, Naeem 2002). Most of our understanding of how species diversity influences productivity has come from experiments performed with assemblages of terrestrial plants (reviewed by Johnson et al. 1996, Waide et al. 1999, Schwartz et al. 2000, Schmid et al. 2001). ...
... ecological research (Loreau et al. 2001, Naeem 2002). Most of our understanding of how species diversity influences productivity has come from experiments performed with assemblages of terrestrial plants (reviewed by Johnson et al. 1996, Waide et al. 1999, Schwartz et al. 2000, Schmid et al. 2001). ...
Hillebrand et al. 2008 Ecology - NCEAS
... Abstract. The composition of communities is strongly altered by anthropogenic manipulations of biogeochemical cycles, abiotic conditions, and trophic structure in all major ecosystems. Whereas the effects of species loss on ecosystem processes have received broad attention, the consequences of alter ...
... Abstract. The composition of communities is strongly altered by anthropogenic manipulations of biogeochemical cycles, abiotic conditions, and trophic structure in all major ecosystems. Whereas the effects of species loss on ecosystem processes have received broad attention, the consequences of alter ...
Waitakere City Biodiversity Report 2007
... Although only 20% of the forested area is unmodified by logging or farming, the Waitakere Ranges are botanically rich containing 20% of all New Zealand’s flowering plant species and 60% of all native fern species. Although the following statistics are drawn from a number of sources and subject to ch ...
... Although only 20% of the forested area is unmodified by logging or farming, the Waitakere Ranges are botanically rich containing 20% of all New Zealand’s flowering plant species and 60% of all native fern species. Although the following statistics are drawn from a number of sources and subject to ch ...
Section 4 - Chandler Unified School District / Overview
... • No two species that are too similar can coexist because they are too similar in their needs. • In general, there are two main types of competition: • Interspecific Competition: Competition between different species. • Intraspecific Competition: Competition between individuals within the same speci ...
... • No two species that are too similar can coexist because they are too similar in their needs. • In general, there are two main types of competition: • Interspecific Competition: Competition between different species. • Intraspecific Competition: Competition between individuals within the same speci ...
diversity, ecosystem function, and stability of parasitoid
... resource complementarity has received significant attention in small-scale studies, it has been argued that complementary resource use by different species can only increase overall consumption when a diverse array of niches is available. This mechanism may therefore be more likely to operate in natu ...
... resource complementarity has received significant attention in small-scale studies, it has been argued that complementary resource use by different species can only increase overall consumption when a diverse array of niches is available. This mechanism may therefore be more likely to operate in natu ...
883) What controls the ability of species to respond (by
... proportion of these stock that are available for conservation grazing, whether it will be regionally different. And if and how any changes can be used positively to increase the number of appropriate stock available locally for cons grazing on agriculturally poor sites. 7) Are there alternatives to ...
... proportion of these stock that are available for conservation grazing, whether it will be regionally different. And if and how any changes can be used positively to increase the number of appropriate stock available locally for cons grazing on agriculturally poor sites. 7) Are there alternatives to ...
Biogeography and ecology: towards the integration of two disciplines
... there a consistent relationship between them? Biogeography needs to better reconcile large-scale patterns with ecological niche concepts, though it is difficult to address such basic issues without first letting go of some of the traditions we have inherited while working at traditional scales in bi ...
... there a consistent relationship between them? Biogeography needs to better reconcile large-scale patterns with ecological niche concepts, though it is difficult to address such basic issues without first letting go of some of the traditions we have inherited while working at traditional scales in bi ...
FRAMEWORK FOR CHARACTERIZING CONSERVATION UNITS
... Canada’s Policy for Conservation of Wild Pacific Salmon (the WSP) was released in 2005 following six years of discussion, consultation, review, and revision (DFO 2005). The WSP is one of several policies whose provenance was the New Directions discussion paper (DFO 1998). The goal of the WSP is to “ ...
... Canada’s Policy for Conservation of Wild Pacific Salmon (the WSP) was released in 2005 following six years of discussion, consultation, review, and revision (DFO 2005). The WSP is one of several policies whose provenance was the New Directions discussion paper (DFO 1998). The goal of the WSP is to “ ...
Content Conference Guide - BayCEER
... Gardens. I invite you to visit these gardens which accommodate over 10000 plant species from all over the world, displaying not only plant diversity but also their ecological relationships and functions. In science as well as in society, the reports of the International Panel of Climate Change in 20 ...
... Gardens. I invite you to visit these gardens which accommodate over 10000 plant species from all over the world, displaying not only plant diversity but also their ecological relationships and functions. In science as well as in society, the reports of the International Panel of Climate Change in 20 ...
Hybridization due to changing species distributions: adding
... anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. One relatively underappreciated way in which ...
... anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. One relatively underappreciated way in which ...
CBD Fourth National Report
... Man-made lakes cover about 9,000 Km². Anthropic ecosystems or land use/land cover types range from cropland to fallow, tree plantations and the built-up environment. The country also has important agricultural biodiversity upon which more than 600,000 households depend directly for their livelihood. ...
... Man-made lakes cover about 9,000 Km². Anthropic ecosystems or land use/land cover types range from cropland to fallow, tree plantations and the built-up environment. The country also has important agricultural biodiversity upon which more than 600,000 households depend directly for their livelihood. ...
TEAM 2 QUEST 06 PAPER
... abundances were fairly even at 25ft. Upon analysis of the overall data collected, we concluded that future studies collecting a larger number of samples at more depths is needed to statistically support the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis with regard to benthic cover in Ke’ei. ...
... abundances were fairly even at 25ft. Upon analysis of the overall data collected, we concluded that future studies collecting a larger number of samples at more depths is needed to statistically support the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis with regard to benthic cover in Ke’ei. ...
Plant diversity consequences of a herbivore-driven biome
... Shrub invasion or encroachment of grassland and grassy savanna is perceived as an important problem throughout the world (Aguiar, et al. 1996; Van Auken 2000; Watkinson & Ormerod 2001; Liu et al. 2006). The negative impacts of shrub encroachment have included steep declines in plant species richness ...
... Shrub invasion or encroachment of grassland and grassy savanna is perceived as an important problem throughout the world (Aguiar, et al. 1996; Van Auken 2000; Watkinson & Ormerod 2001; Liu et al. 2006). The negative impacts of shrub encroachment have included steep declines in plant species richness ...
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF EFFECTS OF PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND E S
... diversity). Increasing plant productivity may increase herbivore diversity by: increasing the abundance of rare resources (‘‘resource rarity hypothesis’’), increasing herbivore abundance and local persistence (‘‘consumer rarity hypothesis’’) or increasing intraspecific density dependence (‘‘density ...
... diversity). Increasing plant productivity may increase herbivore diversity by: increasing the abundance of rare resources (‘‘resource rarity hypothesis’’), increasing herbivore abundance and local persistence (‘‘consumer rarity hypothesis’’) or increasing intraspecific density dependence (‘‘density ...
enhancing biodiversity hotspots along western
... Queensland’s Stock Route Network (SRN) is a web of stock routes, roads and reserves for travelling stock that covers most of the State. This network is a rich inherited legacy that has far greater benefits than just the movement of livestock, which was and still is their primary role. The stock rout ...
... Queensland’s Stock Route Network (SRN) is a web of stock routes, roads and reserves for travelling stock that covers most of the State. This network is a rich inherited legacy that has far greater benefits than just the movement of livestock, which was and still is their primary role. The stock rout ...
NotesChapter7
... In Chapter 1, it was noted that conservation biology developed from the growing awareness of the present (sixth) mass extinction (Primack 1998) (see the biodiversity course chapter 6). Four factors form the basis for this concern: firstly, the unprecedented level of threats to biodiversity; secondly ...
... In Chapter 1, it was noted that conservation biology developed from the growing awareness of the present (sixth) mass extinction (Primack 1998) (see the biodiversity course chapter 6). Four factors form the basis for this concern: firstly, the unprecedented level of threats to biodiversity; secondly ...
pdf - Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee
... opposite diversity patterns are found for the latter. Both habitat fragmentation and trampling influence diversity patterns in a negative way. Effects of hydrological restoration and acidification in interaction with soil formation and mineralization on biodiversity remain internationally unpublishe ...
... opposite diversity patterns are found for the latter. Both habitat fragmentation and trampling influence diversity patterns in a negative way. Effects of hydrological restoration and acidification in interaction with soil formation and mineralization on biodiversity remain internationally unpublishe ...
Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity
... Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity Over the last few decades the Netherlands has become warmer and wetter, with more extreme rainfall events. Climate scenarios indicate that these trends will continue, but the magnitude and rat ...
... Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity Adaptation strategy for climate-proofing biodiversity Over the last few decades the Netherlands has become warmer and wetter, with more extreme rainfall events. Climate scenarios indicate that these trends will continue, but the magnitude and rat ...
Nonrandom extinction patterns can modulate pest control service
... capacity after all iterations of species loss. We repeated this process a total of 10 times with a different random realization of pests each time. We then took the average reduction from carrying capacity of the 10 random realizations as our final measure of pest control provision. For each communit ...
... capacity after all iterations of species loss. We repeated this process a total of 10 times with a different random realization of pests each time. We then took the average reduction from carrying capacity of the 10 random realizations as our final measure of pest control provision. For each communit ...
habitat in agricultural landscapes: how much is enough?
... naturally functioning ecosystems with the full compliment of native species is not possible in many areas of the United States, especially those that are extensively developed and intensively managed for human uses. It is not realistic from a political or ecological perspective to expect large secti ...
... naturally functioning ecosystems with the full compliment of native species is not possible in many areas of the United States, especially those that are extensively developed and intensively managed for human uses. It is not realistic from a political or ecological perspective to expect large secti ...
Emergence and maintenance of biodiversity in an evolutionary food
... radiation of the species that are already present. The latter process may give rise to new species through evolutionary branching, but even without speciation the coevolution of species may change the structure of food webs by altering trophic interaction strengths (Saloniemi 1993; Dieckmann and Law ...
... radiation of the species that are already present. The latter process may give rise to new species through evolutionary branching, but even without speciation the coevolution of species may change the structure of food webs by altering trophic interaction strengths (Saloniemi 1993; Dieckmann and Law ...
Genetic Variation
... with this extinction, therefore ruling out crater impact. • This extinction seems to be linked with a major climate change • The extinction occurred in two waves; the first when an ice age began, and the second when it ended. • Although this is generally accepted as a major extinction, some paleonto ...
... with this extinction, therefore ruling out crater impact. • This extinction seems to be linked with a major climate change • The extinction occurred in two waves; the first when an ice age began, and the second when it ended. • Although this is generally accepted as a major extinction, some paleonto ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.