An Analysis of Persistence, Resilience, and the Conservation of
... case, species numbers have dwindled to such an extent that preventive policy measures such as regulations on the nature of fishing equipment and moratoriums on grazing are put in place to ensure that literal death does not occur. This is the case of figurative death. In the second case, some species ...
... case, species numbers have dwindled to such an extent that preventive policy measures such as regulations on the nature of fishing equipment and moratoriums on grazing are put in place to ensure that literal death does not occur. This is the case of figurative death. In the second case, some species ...
QUALITY WORKSHOP FINDS OUR AVOS IN GOOD SHAPE
... degrees and one doctorate in the field of ecology, had been involved in species re-introduction in Israel and came to Australia with the same sort of work in mind, but was surprised at what she discovered. “I very quickly found out that most re-introduction programs involved aggressive pest control, ...
... degrees and one doctorate in the field of ecology, had been involved in species re-introduction in Israel and came to Australia with the same sort of work in mind, but was surprised at what she discovered. “I very quickly found out that most re-introduction programs involved aggressive pest control, ...
Gamebird hunting and biodiversity conservation: synthesis
... cause of mortality. This is the general pattern for these species, which are usually well adapted to this predation pressure. Predation may, however, have a considerable impact on game populations in situations where these populations have declined for reasons other than predators, or when the densi ...
... cause of mortality. This is the general pattern for these species, which are usually well adapted to this predation pressure. Predation may, however, have a considerable impact on game populations in situations where these populations have declined for reasons other than predators, or when the densi ...
Considerations for Identification of Effective Area
... under CBD Target 11; that is a marine area receiving effective area-based conservation. The development of the definitions of what constitutes a protected area has taken place elsewhere and we provide a background of that literature, highlighting those definitions that are currently being used both ...
... under CBD Target 11; that is a marine area receiving effective area-based conservation. The development of the definitions of what constitutes a protected area has taken place elsewhere and we provide a background of that literature, highlighting those definitions that are currently being used both ...
Trophic complementarity drives the biodiversityecosystem
... From early work on the structure of interspecific interactions, network studies moved to aspects of stability, resilience to perturbation and dynamics. Few attempts however have been made to draw explicit links between network structure and ecosystem functioning. This is surprising because the well- ...
... From early work on the structure of interspecific interactions, network studies moved to aspects of stability, resilience to perturbation and dynamics. Few attempts however have been made to draw explicit links between network structure and ecosystem functioning. This is surprising because the well- ...
Hedgerow management and wildlife review
... mammals (winter). This leaves a short window in late winter when cutting might best be done. However, it has also been noted that some hedge species (including hawthorn, Crataegus sp.) only fruit on the previous year’s growth, i.e. that which is usually trimmed off annually. This suggests that cutti ...
... mammals (winter). This leaves a short window in late winter when cutting might best be done. However, it has also been noted that some hedge species (including hawthorn, Crataegus sp.) only fruit on the previous year’s growth, i.e. that which is usually trimmed off annually. This suggests that cutti ...
Frontiers in research on biodiversity and disease
... the scale at which such effects manifest have recently emerged (e.g. Randolph & Dobson 2012; Ostfeld 2013; Ostfeld & Keesing 2013; Wood & Lafferty 2013). In a critique of the dilution effect applied to vector-borne infections, Randolph & Dobson (2012) argued that dilution effects may occur in some s ...
... the scale at which such effects manifest have recently emerged (e.g. Randolph & Dobson 2012; Ostfeld 2013; Ostfeld & Keesing 2013; Wood & Lafferty 2013). In a critique of the dilution effect applied to vector-borne infections, Randolph & Dobson (2012) argued that dilution effects may occur in some s ...
Johnson and Thieltges 2010
... and extending this approach to a vector-borne infection. Most of the empirical examples reviewed by the authors involve encounter reduction and susceptible host (or vector) regulation. Thus, changes in community richness tend to either reduce the availability of susceptible hosts (e.g. through inter ...
... and extending this approach to a vector-borne infection. Most of the empirical examples reviewed by the authors involve encounter reduction and susceptible host (or vector) regulation. Thus, changes in community richness tend to either reduce the availability of susceptible hosts (e.g. through inter ...
Phylogenetic diversity of plants alters the effect of species
... variety of nutritional resources for generalist herbivores, which may prefer to eat in diverse patches, and may thrive more in them too (Unsicker et al., 2008; Schuldt & Baruffol, 2010). I will refer to this idea as the Dietary Mixing Hypothesis (after Bernays et al., 1994). Unfortunately, previous ...
... variety of nutritional resources for generalist herbivores, which may prefer to eat in diverse patches, and may thrive more in them too (Unsicker et al., 2008; Schuldt & Baruffol, 2010). I will refer to this idea as the Dietary Mixing Hypothesis (after Bernays et al., 1994). Unfortunately, previous ...
Learning objectives
... 26. Describe the biotic and abiotic changes that have occurred during primary succession on glacier moraines in Glacier Bay, Alaska. 27. Describe an example of humans acting as agents of disturbance. Biogeographic Factors Affect Community Biodiversity 28. Explain why species richness declines along ...
... 26. Describe the biotic and abiotic changes that have occurred during primary succession on glacier moraines in Glacier Bay, Alaska. 27. Describe an example of humans acting as agents of disturbance. Biogeographic Factors Affect Community Biodiversity 28. Explain why species richness declines along ...
Potential value of indicator species for conservation
... obviously inappropriate for descriptions and comparisons of natural ecosystem biodiversity, where we do not yet even know the majority of species relationships. The magnitude of the task of understanding biodiversity requires the use of tools that are most readily available. Published knowledge has ...
... obviously inappropriate for descriptions and comparisons of natural ecosystem biodiversity, where we do not yet even know the majority of species relationships. The magnitude of the task of understanding biodiversity requires the use of tools that are most readily available. Published knowledge has ...
3.2.1 Fragmentation metrics - Food and Agriculture Organization of
... between forest and other vegetation types and disconnects patches from adjacent, continuous habitat (Collinge 1996, Fahrig 2003, Saura and Carballal 2004). There is a wealth of information that has been produced regarding forest fragmentation and its impacts on biodiversity (e.g., see reviews by Fah ...
... between forest and other vegetation types and disconnects patches from adjacent, continuous habitat (Collinge 1996, Fahrig 2003, Saura and Carballal 2004). There is a wealth of information that has been produced regarding forest fragmentation and its impacts on biodiversity (e.g., see reviews by Fah ...
simulated predator extinctions
... Abstract. The rate of species loss is increasing at a global scale, and human-induced extinctions are biased toward predator species. We examined the effects of predator extinctions on a foundation species, the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). We performed a factorial experiment manipulating ...
... Abstract. The rate of species loss is increasing at a global scale, and human-induced extinctions are biased toward predator species. We examined the effects of predator extinctions on a foundation species, the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). We performed a factorial experiment manipulating ...
Agrobiodiversity: Its Value, Measurement, and Conservation in the
... 2) option value, and 3) existence value. Use value is associated with genetic resources’ current effect on yield. Option value is associated with a future unknown use (e.g. resistance to new disease). Existence value is associated with the satisfaction people derive from simply knowing that diversit ...
... 2) option value, and 3) existence value. Use value is associated with genetic resources’ current effect on yield. Option value is associated with a future unknown use (e.g. resistance to new disease). Existence value is associated with the satisfaction people derive from simply knowing that diversit ...
Trade-offs in community ecology: linking spatial scales and species
... coexistence at different spatial scales, but without any explicit connection among the scales. As examples, we consider McPeek’s studies of interspecific interactions among larval damselflies living in lakes, and Tilman’s studies on herbaceous plants living in old fields. Among genera of damselflies ...
... coexistence at different spatial scales, but without any explicit connection among the scales. As examples, we consider McPeek’s studies of interspecific interactions among larval damselflies living in lakes, and Tilman’s studies on herbaceous plants living in old fields. Among genera of damselflies ...
Effective Landscape Restoration for Native Biodiversity in Northern
... Biodiversity is the variety of all life forms – species of plants, animals and micro-organisms, the gene s they contain, and the populations, communities and ecosystems they crea te – and the interactions between and a mong them and the physical environment that generate ecosystem (or ecological) pr ...
... Biodiversity is the variety of all life forms – species of plants, animals and micro-organisms, the gene s they contain, and the populations, communities and ecosystems they crea te – and the interactions between and a mong them and the physical environment that generate ecosystem (or ecological) pr ...
limiting resources and the regulation of diversity in phytoplankton
... the relationship between phytoplankton diversity and limiting resources (N, P, Si, and light) over two summers in three lakes in the Yellowstone (Wyoming, USA) region. Diversity was highly variable along temporal and spatial axes within lakes. We discovered a strong positive correlation between dive ...
... the relationship between phytoplankton diversity and limiting resources (N, P, Si, and light) over two summers in three lakes in the Yellowstone (Wyoming, USA) region. Diversity was highly variable along temporal and spatial axes within lakes. We discovered a strong positive correlation between dive ...
Using Natural Range of Variation to Set Decision Thresholds: A
... long life span of the tree species and communities that they were investigating, as well as the somewhat anomalous climate conditions of the 1770–1850 period (Cyr et al. 2009). Other issues to consider when choosing specific locations from which to gather NRV information include the location’s histo ...
... long life span of the tree species and communities that they were investigating, as well as the somewhat anomalous climate conditions of the 1770–1850 period (Cyr et al. 2009). Other issues to consider when choosing specific locations from which to gather NRV information include the location’s histo ...
The Ecological Basis of Conservation Heterogeneity, Ecosystems
... • Indirect effects are the rule rather than the exception in most ecosystems. The conservation message hi this principle is that disruption of one part of an ecosystem will have broader repercussions. Ecosystems are not assembled at random. They are the product of a long history of interaction (e.g. ...
... • Indirect effects are the rule rather than the exception in most ecosystems. The conservation message hi this principle is that disruption of one part of an ecosystem will have broader repercussions. Ecosystems are not assembled at random. They are the product of a long history of interaction (e.g. ...
Genetic diversity and connectivity shape herbivore load within an
... community descriptors (abundance, species richness, and Shannon-Wiener diversity at the individual and neighborhood level) as functions of host connectivity and genetic diversity. A loglink and a Poisson distribution were assumed for each response variable, except for the ShannonWiener index, which ...
... community descriptors (abundance, species richness, and Shannon-Wiener diversity at the individual and neighborhood level) as functions of host connectivity and genetic diversity. A loglink and a Poisson distribution were assumed for each response variable, except for the ShannonWiener index, which ...
Intertidal Underboulder Communities
... area surrounding the boulders themselves. Altering the physical environment in this way results in an enhancement to the immediate biodiversity beyond the boulders themselves. This habitat can occur on a variety of substrata (including bedrock, mixed rock and sediment or mud), but there needs to be ...
... area surrounding the boulders themselves. Altering the physical environment in this way results in an enhancement to the immediate biodiversity beyond the boulders themselves. This habitat can occur on a variety of substrata (including bedrock, mixed rock and sediment or mud), but there needs to be ...
Ecotones and Ecological Gradients
... range size rarity) in ecotones, especially in mountains where latitudinal gradients occur (e.g., [22, 23]). ...
... range size rarity) in ecotones, especially in mountains where latitudinal gradients occur (e.g., [22, 23]). ...
Appendix K Soil biota - Defra Science Search
... The structure and processes of terrestrial ecosystems are profoundly dependant upon a functioning soil biota. The biota is responsible for processing carbon, nutrient cycling, structural genesis and maintenance, pathogenicity and symbionts. It drives many above ground processes. However, in the majo ...
... The structure and processes of terrestrial ecosystems are profoundly dependant upon a functioning soil biota. The biota is responsible for processing carbon, nutrient cycling, structural genesis and maintenance, pathogenicity and symbionts. It drives many above ground processes. However, in the majo ...
Full text in pdf format
... Community metabolism. By analysing the magnitude and gross production/ respiration (GP/R) ratios of benthic oxygen fluxes, it is possible to gain insight into factors controlling pathways of carbon at a given location (Giblin et al. 1997). In August 2004, measurements of oxygen flux were conducted i ...
... Community metabolism. By analysing the magnitude and gross production/ respiration (GP/R) ratios of benthic oxygen fluxes, it is possible to gain insight into factors controlling pathways of carbon at a given location (Giblin et al. 1997). In August 2004, measurements of oxygen flux were conducted i ...
A Two-day workshop on Conservation of wildlife in Deccan Plateau
... Conservation Society (WCS), ANTHRA, etc. were involved in the initiative. We need more people from local NGOs and institutes for conservation of wildlife in a humandominated landscape. The conservation plan will be applicable to the flora, and fauna found in the proposed plant area, a ...
... Conservation Society (WCS), ANTHRA, etc. were involved in the initiative. We need more people from local NGOs and institutes for conservation of wildlife in a humandominated landscape. The conservation plan will be applicable to the flora, and fauna found in the proposed plant area, a ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.