Understanding the combined biodiversity benefits of the component
... important for animals whose breeding grounds lie far away. 1.4. In all cases, it is unlikely that a single component of the hedge will operate entirely independently. For example, birds that eat berries in the autumn can only do so if the flowers of the shrubs are pollinated; and the pollinators may ...
... important for animals whose breeding grounds lie far away. 1.4. In all cases, it is unlikely that a single component of the hedge will operate entirely independently. For example, birds that eat berries in the autumn can only do so if the flowers of the shrubs are pollinated; and the pollinators may ...
part 3 - Namibia University of Science and Technology
... from tourists) of around N$30 million per year covers all these benefits (Richardson in Barnard, 1998). One benefit that is particularly important for this economic assessment is the role of parks as a crucial magnet for both wildlife and tourists. Internationally, the worldfamous Etosha National Pa ...
... from tourists) of around N$30 million per year covers all these benefits (Richardson in Barnard, 1998). One benefit that is particularly important for this economic assessment is the role of parks as a crucial magnet for both wildlife and tourists. Internationally, the worldfamous Etosha National Pa ...
The number of clones was presented as a slide show at a meeting
... Around 16 maybe optimal but I am a bit conservative and assumptions may be revised. So at the moment I suggest 20 as a good choice for a type case of Scots pine in Sweden with known breeding values. Selfing and gene diversity may have been given too high weight and the sibling coefficient may be o ...
... Around 16 maybe optimal but I am a bit conservative and assumptions may be revised. So at the moment I suggest 20 as a good choice for a type case of Scots pine in Sweden with known breeding values. Selfing and gene diversity may have been given too high weight and the sibling coefficient may be o ...
Integrating food web diversity, structure and stability
... connectance and species diversity, hypothesizing that stability could be gained in diverse communities as long as connectance decreased with increasing diversity [1,8,9]. Early explorations of qualitative food web data suggested that more diverse communities tend to have lower connectance, presentin ...
... connectance and species diversity, hypothesizing that stability could be gained in diverse communities as long as connectance decreased with increasing diversity [1,8,9]. Early explorations of qualitative food web data suggested that more diverse communities tend to have lower connectance, presentin ...
Top-down and bottom-up diversity cascades in detrital vs. living food
... that cascades are more likely to occur in less diverse systems (Strong 1992; Polis & Strong 1996; Persson 1999; Shurin et al. 2002) and predict that indirect effects (up or down) are less likely to be found as one moves from aquatic to terrestrial to decomposer food webs, but empirical studies have ...
... that cascades are more likely to occur in less diverse systems (Strong 1992; Polis & Strong 1996; Persson 1999; Shurin et al. 2002) and predict that indirect effects (up or down) are less likely to be found as one moves from aquatic to terrestrial to decomposer food webs, but empirical studies have ...
Niche saturation reveals resource partitioning among consumers
... Interest in the niche has recently been reawakened as ecologists have begun to examine the relationship between biodiversity and community-wide resource use (Hooper et al. 2005). These studies have generally found, across a broad range of community types and trophic levels, that resource extraction ...
... Interest in the niche has recently been reawakened as ecologists have begun to examine the relationship between biodiversity and community-wide resource use (Hooper et al. 2005). These studies have generally found, across a broad range of community types and trophic levels, that resource extraction ...
Speciation and patterns of biodiversity - Assets
... Diversity is measured by counting species. This is not a straightforward process for several reasons, and the complexities should be kept in mind when analysing patterns of diversity. Counting species is relatively easy when there is a tight association between species identity and easily measured t ...
... Diversity is measured by counting species. This is not a straightforward process for several reasons, and the complexities should be kept in mind when analysing patterns of diversity. Counting species is relatively easy when there is a tight association between species identity and easily measured t ...
Traits fonctionnels des arbres : de la plasticité - Archipel
... Examples of t he calcula.tion of net diversity effects (NE), complem entarity (CE ) and selection effects (SE) foll owing addit ive partitioning (Loreau and Hector 2001 ) as well as relative yields (RY, deWit, 1960) for different mixture effects. All mixt ures have two sp ecies initia.lly pla.nted i ...
... Examples of t he calcula.tion of net diversity effects (NE), complem entarity (CE ) and selection effects (SE) foll owing addit ive partitioning (Loreau and Hector 2001 ) as well as relative yields (RY, deWit, 1960) for different mixture effects. All mixt ures have two sp ecies initia.lly pla.nted i ...
Management Principles and Strategies to Guide
... principles and a checklist of strategies for management of private native forests. The checklist is ordered hierarchically from large scale to individual tree based approaches for integrating biodiversity conservation and wood production. The focus is on a set of general principles rather than speci ...
... principles and a checklist of strategies for management of private native forests. The checklist is ordered hierarchically from large scale to individual tree based approaches for integrating biodiversity conservation and wood production. The focus is on a set of general principles rather than speci ...
Scaling environmental change through the community
... disturbance or CO2) and functional effect groups (species that exert similar effects on one or several ecosystem functions). While the distinction between response and effect has been used to describe competitive dynamics for some time, both phenomenologically (Goldberg & Werner, 1983) and for funct ...
... disturbance or CO2) and functional effect groups (species that exert similar effects on one or several ecosystem functions). While the distinction between response and effect has been used to describe competitive dynamics for some time, both phenomenologically (Goldberg & Werner, 1983) and for funct ...
AP Biology Summer Assignment 2011-12
... school AP Biology courses is to read the chapters on Ecology as a summer assignment. Completion of this summer assignment will allow us to cover more of the material required for the AP Bio Exam. Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment. Because ...
... school AP Biology courses is to read the chapters on Ecology as a summer assignment. Completion of this summer assignment will allow us to cover more of the material required for the AP Bio Exam. Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment. Because ...
An Introduction to Biocultural Diversity
... We are witnessing a “converging extinction crisis” of diversity in nature and culture—and it is a crisis entirely of our making. We have become so disconnected from the natural world, that we are destroying the conditions for life—as if life itself were expendable. And at the same time, we are suppr ...
... We are witnessing a “converging extinction crisis” of diversity in nature and culture—and it is a crisis entirely of our making. We have become so disconnected from the natural world, that we are destroying the conditions for life—as if life itself were expendable. And at the same time, we are suppr ...
Managing Natural Biodiversity in the Western Australian Wheatbelt
... wheatbelt, the major ecosystem services provided by biodiversity and associated natural systems, and the contribution to mental and physical health delivered through recreation and spiritual values, the wheatbelt’s biodiversity is very significant for individuals living both within and outside the r ...
... wheatbelt, the major ecosystem services provided by biodiversity and associated natural systems, and the contribution to mental and physical health delivered through recreation and spiritual values, the wheatbelt’s biodiversity is very significant for individuals living both within and outside the r ...
3337 CBD Synthesis.indd - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
... The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment set out to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and to establish the scientific basis for actions needed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being. Biological diversity play ...
... The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment set out to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and to establish the scientific basis for actions needed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being. Biological diversity play ...
An experimental framework to identify community functional
... traits, CWM can only be calculated for a single trait. If more than one trait is important for the ecosystem process of interest, we envisage two possible scenarios. First, when the effect traits considered are correlated to each other (Díaz et al. 2004; Wright et al. 2004), reduction of dimensional ...
... traits, CWM can only be calculated for a single trait. If more than one trait is important for the ecosystem process of interest, we envisage two possible scenarios. First, when the effect traits considered are correlated to each other (Díaz et al. 2004; Wright et al. 2004), reduction of dimensional ...
3. Ecosystems Booklet TN
... (v) only expressed, when homozygous/in absence of dominant (allele); not expressed when heterozygous/expression masked by dominant (allele); DO NOT CREDIT gene IGNORE letters/genotypes ACCEPT only seen in phenotype when it is present in ‘double dose’ ...
... (v) only expressed, when homozygous/in absence of dominant (allele); not expressed when heterozygous/expression masked by dominant (allele); DO NOT CREDIT gene IGNORE letters/genotypes ACCEPT only seen in phenotype when it is present in ‘double dose’ ...
Key Elements of Biodiversity in British Columbia
... require focused management in order to maintain the biodiversity values in British Columbia. This background report was commissioned to explore the concept of biodiversity ‘key elements’ – those elements that are particularly important from a functional perspective. Where possible, the objective was ...
... require focused management in order to maintain the biodiversity values in British Columbia. This background report was commissioned to explore the concept of biodiversity ‘key elements’ – those elements that are particularly important from a functional perspective. Where possible, the objective was ...
TOPIC 2 - MARKING SCHEME - International School Bangkok
... desert and tundra have lower diversity as conditions more limiting [1]; tundra least threatened at present [1]; desert nearly half disturbed. Accept any appropriate argument for any of the four ecosystems. e.g. tropical rainforest – under most pressure from humans in clearing and burning the forest ...
... desert and tundra have lower diversity as conditions more limiting [1]; tundra least threatened at present [1]; desert nearly half disturbed. Accept any appropriate argument for any of the four ecosystems. e.g. tropical rainforest – under most pressure from humans in clearing and burning the forest ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... roles of biological diversity in this context. The evidence reveals that the likelihood of regime shifts may increase when humans reduce resilience by such actions as removing response diversity, removing whole functional groups of species, or removing whole trophic levels; impacting on ecosystems v ...
... roles of biological diversity in this context. The evidence reveals that the likelihood of regime shifts may increase when humans reduce resilience by such actions as removing response diversity, removing whole functional groups of species, or removing whole trophic levels; impacting on ecosystems v ...
WILD Colorado: Crossroads of Biodiversity
... each species, or species abundance, is counted. Considering these two counts together gives an indication of biodiversity. In general, areas that contain many different species, with an appropriate number of individuals in each species, are more biodiverse. Areas with few of the possible species, or ...
... each species, or species abundance, is counted. Considering these two counts together gives an indication of biodiversity. In general, areas that contain many different species, with an appropriate number of individuals in each species, are more biodiverse. Areas with few of the possible species, or ...
The architecture of mutualistic networks minimizes competition and
... The equations for animal populations can be written in a symmetric form interchanging the indices A and P. When not otherwise stated, we will in the following only write down equations for plants. In the next section we analyze the fixed points and dynamical stability of the model, leaving for sectio ...
... The equations for animal populations can be written in a symmetric form interchanging the indices A and P. When not otherwise stated, we will in the following only write down equations for plants. In the next section we analyze the fixed points and dynamical stability of the model, leaving for sectio ...
Soft-bottom intertidal ecosystems shaped by ecosystem engineers
... also be closely related when a single species act as a predator and an engineer simultaneously (e.g. Wilby et al. 2001; Sanders and van Veen 2011). Besides interacting with predation, ecosystem engineering has been shown to affect competition as well (e.g. Palmer 2003; Ransom 2011; chapter 2). Howev ...
... also be closely related when a single species act as a predator and an engineer simultaneously (e.g. Wilby et al. 2001; Sanders and van Veen 2011). Besides interacting with predation, ecosystem engineering has been shown to affect competition as well (e.g. Palmer 2003; Ransom 2011; chapter 2). Howev ...
REGIME SHIFTS, RESILIENCE, AND BIODIVERSITY IN
... roles of biological diversity in this context. The evidence reveals that the likelihood of regime shifts may increase when humans reduce resilience by such actions as removing response diversity, removing whole functional groups of species, or removing whole trophic levels; impacting on ecosystems v ...
... roles of biological diversity in this context. The evidence reveals that the likelihood of regime shifts may increase when humans reduce resilience by such actions as removing response diversity, removing whole functional groups of species, or removing whole trophic levels; impacting on ecosystems v ...
Urban Systems - Stockholm Resilience Centre
... the urban core is well documented for plants, birds, mammals, and insects. For example, in Berlin the proportion of novel species increased from 28% in the outer suburbs to 50% in the built-up center of the city. In New York, the abundance and biomass of earthworms increased tenfold when comparing r ...
... the urban core is well documented for plants, birds, mammals, and insects. For example, in Berlin the proportion of novel species increased from 28% in the outer suburbs to 50% in the built-up center of the city. In New York, the abundance and biomass of earthworms increased tenfold when comparing r ...
Programme - Arid Zone Ecology Forum
... and geochemistry data from another study conducted near Clanwilliam provide further evidence of the accumulation of aeolian sediments in heuweltjies. More recent research by investigators working near Worcester provides additional soil stratigraphic evidence for role of aeolian sediment accretion in ...
... and geochemistry data from another study conducted near Clanwilliam provide further evidence of the accumulation of aeolian sediments in heuweltjies. More recent research by investigators working near Worcester provides additional soil stratigraphic evidence for role of aeolian sediment accretion in ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.