The relationships between net primary productivity, human
... Gaston, in press). I also calculated the mean NPP for each park (sampling grain was 4 km2) and correlated this with park size to determine if high productivity parks were mostly small. Correlations between human development and species richness and NPP do not identify the extent of spatial conflict ...
... Gaston, in press). I also calculated the mean NPP for each park (sampling grain was 4 km2) and correlated this with park size to determine if high productivity parks were mostly small. Correlations between human development and species richness and NPP do not identify the extent of spatial conflict ...
Opposite relationships between invasibility and native species
... estimated propagule pressure and no R. cathartica in any of the 1 m2 plots, which left 17 sites for the analysis. The full model including all 2nd degree interaction terms had only a marginally higher R2 value than the best submodel, so only the submodels will be discussed. The first landscape /sca ...
... estimated propagule pressure and no R. cathartica in any of the 1 m2 plots, which left 17 sites for the analysis. The full model including all 2nd degree interaction terms had only a marginally higher R2 value than the best submodel, so only the submodels will be discussed. The first landscape /sca ...
SudingMS_final_1007_RYS
... Werner 1983) and for functional traits (Goldberg 1990), it has been applied to ecosystem Although we discuss functional classification in terms of species and the grouping of species, it also applies to groupings at other levels of organization, such as genotypes or phenotypes of individuals acclima ...
... Werner 1983) and for functional traits (Goldberg 1990), it has been applied to ecosystem Although we discuss functional classification in terms of species and the grouping of species, it also applies to groupings at other levels of organization, such as genotypes or phenotypes of individuals acclima ...
Experimental Manipulation of Grassland Plant Diversity Induces
... food spectrum they should be negatively affect by increasing plant species richness, as the density of the respective food resource decreases at higher species richness (‘food plant dilution effect’) [15]. As a result the expected increase in consumer species richness together with the decline in do ...
... food spectrum they should be negatively affect by increasing plant species richness, as the density of the respective food resource decreases at higher species richness (‘food plant dilution effect’) [15]. As a result the expected increase in consumer species richness together with the decline in do ...
stochastic processes across scales Disentangling the importance of
... [34], coexistence and biodiversity theory (e.g. [31]), island biogeography theory [29,30] and large-scale studies across biogeographic gradients (i.e. temperate versus tropical communities; [35]). Importantly, each of these fields focuses on different spatial scales, ranging from variation among ind ...
... [34], coexistence and biodiversity theory (e.g. [31]), island biogeography theory [29,30] and large-scale studies across biogeographic gradients (i.e. temperate versus tropical communities; [35]). Importantly, each of these fields focuses on different spatial scales, ranging from variation among ind ...
Biodiversity Climate Change impacts report card technical paper 15
... is because interconnected populations act as a single larger population from a genetic perspective, where each population has access to the standing genetic variation and the new variants generated by mutation in all the populations in the network. Thus, even in small populations, where genetic dive ...
... is because interconnected populations act as a single larger population from a genetic perspective, where each population has access to the standing genetic variation and the new variants generated by mutation in all the populations in the network. Thus, even in small populations, where genetic dive ...
Montane (habitats above the treeline) U1
... Numbers of hillwalkers, climbers and off-piste skiers are increasing and can cause localised damage to fragile vegetation and soils. The most likely places where this might cause a problem is where paths cross wet boggy areas or traverse just below cliffs where calcareous grassland and tall herb veg ...
... Numbers of hillwalkers, climbers and off-piste skiers are increasing and can cause localised damage to fragile vegetation and soils. The most likely places where this might cause a problem is where paths cross wet boggy areas or traverse just below cliffs where calcareous grassland and tall herb veg ...
climate change and connectivity: are corridors the solution?
... All research was supported by a thorough literature review of peer-reviewed scientific articles and books. The majority of the literature used in this paper was published within the last ten years, ensuring that the most recent findings were reported. This project’s scope was limited to the availabl ...
... All research was supported by a thorough literature review of peer-reviewed scientific articles and books. The majority of the literature used in this paper was published within the last ten years, ensuring that the most recent findings were reported. This project’s scope was limited to the availabl ...
An experimental test of the effect of plant functional group diversity
... Because interactions among arthropods may also affect their community structure, we looked for gross relationships in species richness between all possible pairs of taxonomic orders using Pearson correlation coefficients. Finally, we used ANCOVAs and multiple regressions of parasitoid species richne ...
... Because interactions among arthropods may also affect their community structure, we looked for gross relationships in species richness between all possible pairs of taxonomic orders using Pearson correlation coefficients. Finally, we used ANCOVAs and multiple regressions of parasitoid species richne ...
LOCAL NATURE CONSERVATION SITES
... Conservation Sites (LNCS) as part of the family of areas given protection from development except where public benefits clearly outweigh the nature conservation value of the site. The plan notes that the LNCS were developed through consultation with expert stakeholders and they replace the previous ...
... Conservation Sites (LNCS) as part of the family of areas given protection from development except where public benefits clearly outweigh the nature conservation value of the site. The plan notes that the LNCS were developed through consultation with expert stakeholders and they replace the previous ...
Chapter 8 Diversity and ecosystem function Jan Lepš Dr. Jan Lepš
... Species-area curves are often used to describe the increase in species number with increasing area within a habitat, or predict the number of species in a county, region or state; the estimates are often based on nested data – and one has to accommodate the statistical analysis to this layout. Howev ...
... Species-area curves are often used to describe the increase in species number with increasing area within a habitat, or predict the number of species in a county, region or state; the estimates are often based on nested data – and one has to accommodate the statistical analysis to this layout. Howev ...
Disentangling the importance of ecological niches from stochastic
... [34], coexistence and biodiversity theory (e.g. [31]), island biogeography theory [29,30] and large-scale studies across biogeographic gradients (i.e. temperate versus tropical communities; [35]). Importantly, each of these fields focuses on different spatial scales, ranging from variation among ind ...
... [34], coexistence and biodiversity theory (e.g. [31]), island biogeography theory [29,30] and large-scale studies across biogeographic gradients (i.e. temperate versus tropical communities; [35]). Importantly, each of these fields focuses on different spatial scales, ranging from variation among ind ...
Section 1.1 Silence of the Frogs
... Frogs have survived multiple extinctions over the last 250 million years of Earth’s history. They can be found in most ...
... Frogs have survived multiple extinctions over the last 250 million years of Earth’s history. They can be found in most ...
Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde : im Auftrage der Deutschen
... two open woodland communities were monitored from July 1982 to December population numbers showed a positive response to a decrease in large ungulate grazing pressure. Diversity Indexes of the small mammal Community varied with woodland type and ungulate grazing pressure. Certain factors suggested t ...
... two open woodland communities were monitored from July 1982 to December population numbers showed a positive response to a decrease in large ungulate grazing pressure. Diversity Indexes of the small mammal Community varied with woodland type and ungulate grazing pressure. Certain factors suggested t ...
Genetic Diversity
... Concept 56.1: Human activities threaten Earth’s biodiversity • Rates of species extinction are difficult to ...
... Concept 56.1: Human activities threaten Earth’s biodiversity • Rates of species extinction are difficult to ...
The Underlying Similarity of Diversity Measures Used in
... The simplest definition of diversity comes from the answer to the question “how different is everybody from everybody else?” If every chromosome is identical, there is no difference between any two chromosomes and hence there is no diversity in the population. If each chromosome is completely differ ...
... The simplest definition of diversity comes from the answer to the question “how different is everybody from everybody else?” If every chromosome is identical, there is no difference between any two chromosomes and hence there is no diversity in the population. If each chromosome is completely differ ...
Positive Plant Diversity-Soil Stability Relationships are
... and Loreau, 1999). Furthermore, recent empirical studies have also indicated a sampling effect (e.g. Sasaki and Lauenroth, 2011), where stability was regulated by dominant species rather than diversity. Jiang (2007) suggests that, in competitive communities, diversity may not affect ecosystem functi ...
... and Loreau, 1999). Furthermore, recent empirical studies have also indicated a sampling effect (e.g. Sasaki and Lauenroth, 2011), where stability was regulated by dominant species rather than diversity. Jiang (2007) suggests that, in competitive communities, diversity may not affect ecosystem functi ...
Population structure of long-lived macrozoobenthic species
... anthropogenic influences such as eutrophication or physical disturbance (e.g. caused by bottom trawling or sediment extraction) (Pearson & Rosenberg 1978, Hiddink et al. 2006, Westerbom 2006, Tyler-Walters et al. 2009, Basset et al. 2012). Therefore, both approaches can theoretically be used to calc ...
... anthropogenic influences such as eutrophication or physical disturbance (e.g. caused by bottom trawling or sediment extraction) (Pearson & Rosenberg 1978, Hiddink et al. 2006, Westerbom 2006, Tyler-Walters et al. 2009, Basset et al. 2012). Therefore, both approaches can theoretically be used to calc ...
lesson 1: explore the ecosystem
... Study more about trophic levels and energy movement throughout an ecosystem. Do a food web activity where each student is a species. Have students stand in a circle. Give a ball of yarn to one student. Have the student hold on to one end and pass the yarn to another student who is directly connecte ...
... Study more about trophic levels and energy movement throughout an ecosystem. Do a food web activity where each student is a species. Have students stand in a circle. Give a ball of yarn to one student. Have the student hold on to one end and pass the yarn to another student who is directly connecte ...
Heathlands confronting global change: drivers of biodiversity loss
... species considered as to be restricted to heathland habitats (e.g. Kleijn et al., 2008; Tsaliki and Diekmann, 2011). Different physiological variables have also been measured as direct indicators of plant response to drivers, such as photosynthesis and respiration rates (e.g. Albert et al., 2011a, b ...
... species considered as to be restricted to heathland habitats (e.g. Kleijn et al., 2008; Tsaliki and Diekmann, 2011). Different physiological variables have also been measured as direct indicators of plant response to drivers, such as photosynthesis and respiration rates (e.g. Albert et al., 2011a, b ...
Are planthopper problems caused by a breakdown in ecosystem
... ecosystems” (MA 2005) and they include services related to provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural functions (Fig. 2). First proposed by Daily (1997), the ES concept has gained considerable following and “ecological engineering” has emerged as a new direction for agricultural pest managem ...
... ecosystems” (MA 2005) and they include services related to provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural functions (Fig. 2). First proposed by Daily (1997), the ES concept has gained considerable following and “ecological engineering” has emerged as a new direction for agricultural pest managem ...
Macroecology: more than the division of food and
... on broadly occurring patterns and processes operating at large spatial and temporal scales and ignoring localized and fine-scaled details, macroecology aims to uncover general mechanisms operating at organism, population and ecosystem levels of organization. Although such an approach is evident in w ...
... on broadly occurring patterns and processes operating at large spatial and temporal scales and ignoring localized and fine-scaled details, macroecology aims to uncover general mechanisms operating at organism, population and ecosystem levels of organization. Although such an approach is evident in w ...
independent gradients of producer, consumer
... may therefore be an imprecise reflection of the relative abundance of different groups (Eichner et al. 1999, Diez et al. 2004). However, all the issues with using DGGE to estimate community diversity have analogs in morphological indices (cryptic species, taxonomic uncertainty due to phenotypic plast ...
... may therefore be an imprecise reflection of the relative abundance of different groups (Eichner et al. 1999, Diez et al. 2004). However, all the issues with using DGGE to estimate community diversity have analogs in morphological indices (cryptic species, taxonomic uncertainty due to phenotypic plast ...
Extinctions in Ecological Communities – Alva Curtsdotter
... In the dawning of what may become Earth’s 6th mass extinction the topic of this thesis, understanding extinction processes and what determines the magnitude of species loss, has become only too relevant. The number of known extinctions (~850) during the last centuries translates to extinction rates ...
... In the dawning of what may become Earth’s 6th mass extinction the topic of this thesis, understanding extinction processes and what determines the magnitude of species loss, has become only too relevant. The number of known extinctions (~850) during the last centuries translates to extinction rates ...
ENHANCING BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
... Bakers Bend is one of the largest waterholes on the Warrego River, and a popular local and tourist destination. This is major refugia for aquatic species, such as Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii), and averages about six metres deep. The stock route runs on both sides of the river, and is cl ...
... Bakers Bend is one of the largest waterholes on the Warrego River, and a popular local and tourist destination. This is major refugia for aquatic species, such as Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii), and averages about six metres deep. The stock route runs on both sides of the river, and is cl ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.