Diversity of Interactions: A Metric for Studies of Biodiversity
... pattern emerging from this work is that these mutualistic networks are cohesive in that the generalists in these systems create a dense core of interactions that provides a foundation for the rest of the community (Bascompte et al. 2003). This approach allows for insight about the consequences of lo ...
... pattern emerging from this work is that these mutualistic networks are cohesive in that the generalists in these systems create a dense core of interactions that provides a foundation for the rest of the community (Bascompte et al. 2003). This approach allows for insight about the consequences of lo ...
Invasive species and biological invasions
... to the spread of diseases and parasites that could affect native turtles and other aquatic wildlife and carry diseases harmful to humans and many other species, such as Salmonella. For these different reasons, red-eared sliders are considered among the hundred worst invasive alien species in Europe. ...
... to the spread of diseases and parasites that could affect native turtles and other aquatic wildlife and carry diseases harmful to humans and many other species, such as Salmonella. For these different reasons, red-eared sliders are considered among the hundred worst invasive alien species in Europe. ...
biodiversity in drylands - Food and Agriculture Organization of the
... of aridity, topographic elevation, geological and biological conditions, etc., these ecosystems have in common a unifying characteristic: precipitation is low and extremely variable. Recurrent droughts that may persist for several consecutive years are the rule, not the exception. Furthermore, and p ...
... of aridity, topographic elevation, geological and biological conditions, etc., these ecosystems have in common a unifying characteristic: precipitation is low and extremely variable. Recurrent droughts that may persist for several consecutive years are the rule, not the exception. Furthermore, and p ...
Linking Nature`s services to ecosystems: some general ecological
... scale, that many are free of charge (not captured by markets), and that many are irreplaceable by technology (Costanza et al., 1997). Human domination of major portions of the biosphere (Vitousek et al., 1997) already affects many species as well as global biogeochemical cycles (Charlson et al., 199 ...
... scale, that many are free of charge (not captured by markets), and that many are irreplaceable by technology (Costanza et al., 1997). Human domination of major portions of the biosphere (Vitousek et al., 1997) already affects many species as well as global biogeochemical cycles (Charlson et al., 199 ...
Linking ecosystem and parasite ecology Michel Loreau,
... 2003); (3) experimental manipulation of ecosystems from model laboratory systems to large-scale field experiments (Beyers and Odum 1993; Lawton 1995; Schindler 1998); and (4) theory and mathematical modelling (Tilman 1988; DeAngelis 1992; Ågren and Bosatta 1996; Loreau 1995, 1998a). The ecosystem ap ...
... 2003); (3) experimental manipulation of ecosystems from model laboratory systems to large-scale field experiments (Beyers and Odum 1993; Lawton 1995; Schindler 1998); and (4) theory and mathematical modelling (Tilman 1988; DeAngelis 1992; Ågren and Bosatta 1996; Loreau 1995, 1998a). The ecosystem ap ...
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF WETLANDS
... plants, animals and microorganisms, interacting among themselves and with their non-living environment (energy, water, and gaseous and mineral elements). Humans are just one of millions of kinds of organisms, and therefore, depend for their existence, survival and various activities upon the Earth’s ...
... plants, animals and microorganisms, interacting among themselves and with their non-living environment (energy, water, and gaseous and mineral elements). Humans are just one of millions of kinds of organisms, and therefore, depend for their existence, survival and various activities upon the Earth’s ...
Does diversity beget diversity? A case study of crops
... Keywords: Agroecosystems; Habitat heterogeneity; Niche limitation; Species richness. Nomenclature: Kartesz (1994). ...
... Keywords: Agroecosystems; Habitat heterogeneity; Niche limitation; Species richness. Nomenclature: Kartesz (1994). ...
Station 15
... • How do the processes and events that occur within an ecosystem affect the species and populations of organisms that live in that ecosystem? The processes and events that occur within an ecosystem change the conditions found in the ecosystem. For example, as soil develops in a primary succession st ...
... • How do the processes and events that occur within an ecosystem affect the species and populations of organisms that live in that ecosystem? The processes and events that occur within an ecosystem change the conditions found in the ecosystem. For example, as soil develops in a primary succession st ...
Ecological succession - Northwest ISD Moodle
... eruptions and hurricanes, usually reduce species diversity in the immediate area of the disturbance. Events that start primary succession may eliminate species diversity ...
... eruptions and hurricanes, usually reduce species diversity in the immediate area of the disturbance. Events that start primary succession may eliminate species diversity ...
Local diversity reduces infection risk across multiple
... and mean intensity of infection (mean number of parasites per infected host), as well as a measure of the total population size achieved by the parasite at the post-cercarial stage (numbers of metacercariae per unit surface area). We split local biodiversity into four separate components, to recogni ...
... and mean intensity of infection (mean number of parasites per infected host), as well as a measure of the total population size achieved by the parasite at the post-cercarial stage (numbers of metacercariae per unit surface area). We split local biodiversity into four separate components, to recogni ...
Plant Diversity of Forests
... Changes in biological diversity of natural ecosystems have in the second half of 20th century become a global problem due to intensive human activities. Therefore, higher attention has been paid to these problems. The year 1992 can be considered as the pivotal year in this field since in this year t ...
... Changes in biological diversity of natural ecosystems have in the second half of 20th century become a global problem due to intensive human activities. Therefore, higher attention has been paid to these problems. The year 1992 can be considered as the pivotal year in this field since in this year t ...
KREMEN 2005 Managing Ecosystem Services_What Do We Need
... (Table 1). Understanding the interactions between microbial and macroscopic components of a given function could prove critical for managing these services. We can characterize an ecosystem service locally by conducting a Ôfunctional inventoryÕ to identify the component ESPs and measuring or estimat ...
... (Table 1). Understanding the interactions between microbial and macroscopic components of a given function could prove critical for managing these services. We can characterize an ecosystem service locally by conducting a Ôfunctional inventoryÕ to identify the component ESPs and measuring or estimat ...
Kirwan in Ecology
... relationship across different types of community composition. Rather than just measure an overall effect of diversity, we separately estimate the contributions of different species interactions. This is especially important when both positive and negative interactions occur or where there are patter ...
... relationship across different types of community composition. Rather than just measure an overall effect of diversity, we separately estimate the contributions of different species interactions. This is especially important when both positive and negative interactions occur or where there are patter ...
Diversityinteraction modeling: estimating contributions of species
... relationship across different types of community composition. Rather than just measure an overall effect of diversity, we separately estimate the contributions of different species interactions. This is especially important when both positive and negative interactions occur or where there are patter ...
... relationship across different types of community composition. Rather than just measure an overall effect of diversity, we separately estimate the contributions of different species interactions. This is especially important when both positive and negative interactions occur or where there are patter ...
habitat loss, trophic collapse, and the decline of ecosystem services
... We have used the list of ecosystem goods and services developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment as the basis of our list of services provided by different natural and human-modified ecosystems (Table 1; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2003). We have then classified the response of ecosystem ser ...
... We have used the list of ecosystem goods and services developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment as the basis of our list of services provided by different natural and human-modified ecosystems (Table 1; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2003). We have then classified the response of ecosystem ser ...
Answers to Unit Test
... Yellowstone to Yukon conservation area has many ecosystems such as mountains, boreal forests, and rivers. Each ecosystem has a community of different species. For example, an alpine meadow community may include populations of grasses, flowers, grizzlies, and eagles. But a boreal forest community has ...
... Yellowstone to Yukon conservation area has many ecosystems such as mountains, boreal forests, and rivers. Each ecosystem has a community of different species. For example, an alpine meadow community may include populations of grasses, flowers, grizzlies, and eagles. But a boreal forest community has ...
Predicting ecosystem stability from community
... through reiuei(t), where r2ei is the environmental variance, and uei(t) are normal variables with zero mean and unit variance that are independent through time (white noise) but may be correlated between species (e.g. a good year for one species may be good for another species as well). Demographic ...
... through reiuei(t), where r2ei is the environmental variance, and uei(t) are normal variables with zero mean and unit variance that are independent through time (white noise) but may be correlated between species (e.g. a good year for one species may be good for another species as well). Demographic ...
Woodland Biodiversity - The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute
... Scotland’s relatively treeless landscape was formerly more heavily wooded, with many of the woodlands having been fragmented or removed in relatively recent times to facilitate grazing livestock. We are currently reversing this trend and are poised to accelerate natural regeneration and planting of ...
... Scotland’s relatively treeless landscape was formerly more heavily wooded, with many of the woodlands having been fragmented or removed in relatively recent times to facilitate grazing livestock. We are currently reversing this trend and are poised to accelerate natural regeneration and planting of ...
DengBioDiversity.pdf
... that almost every species, even in its metropolis, would increase immensely in numbers, were it not for other competing species .... — Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species, 1859 1. Introduction. The latitudinal gradient in species distribution is one of the oldest patterns in biogeography ([ ...
... that almost every species, even in its metropolis, would increase immensely in numbers, were it not for other competing species .... — Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species, 1859 1. Introduction. The latitudinal gradient in species distribution is one of the oldest patterns in biogeography ([ ...
Terrestrial Herbaceous Ecosystems
... micro-habitats that may be only a few centimetres wide. Seepage areas, where underground water comes to the surface, often support plants of conservation concern. Vernal pools – the puddles that form in winter and spring rain and dry up during the summer – are rare even in this ecosystem. Species su ...
... micro-habitats that may be only a few centimetres wide. Seepage areas, where underground water comes to the surface, often support plants of conservation concern. Vernal pools – the puddles that form in winter and spring rain and dry up during the summer – are rare even in this ecosystem. Species su ...
Conserving European biodiversity in the context of climate
... 1996). Whereas in the terrestrial environment plants are often used to define habitats, in the marine environment it is the animal communities and the physical structure of the substrate (e.g. rock, sand, mud) that is used to define habitats. In section 3 the word "community" will be used, whereas i ...
... 1996). Whereas in the terrestrial environment plants are often used to define habitats, in the marine environment it is the animal communities and the physical structure of the substrate (e.g. rock, sand, mud) that is used to define habitats. In section 3 the word "community" will be used, whereas i ...
BIODIVERSITY-ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION RESEARCH
... Is Biodiversity Really Declining? A Balance of Extinctions and Invasions at Different Scales BDEF studies of the last decade almost universally invoke the global decline in biodiversity as the primary impetus for research (Naeem et al. 1999). Conservation management and measurement of ecosystem func ...
... Is Biodiversity Really Declining? A Balance of Extinctions and Invasions at Different Scales BDEF studies of the last decade almost universally invoke the global decline in biodiversity as the primary impetus for research (Naeem et al. 1999). Conservation management and measurement of ecosystem func ...
book of abstracts
... land-use and seascape development will impact nature to a certain degree on top of existing pressures. Environmental design may play a role to mitigate biodiversity impacts; illustrated here through examples from on-going R&D at the Centre for Environmental Design of Renewable Energy (CEDREN). Wind- ...
... land-use and seascape development will impact nature to a certain degree on top of existing pressures. Environmental design may play a role to mitigate biodiversity impacts; illustrated here through examples from on-going R&D at the Centre for Environmental Design of Renewable Energy (CEDREN). Wind- ...
Genetically Modified Crops and Other
... regime of broad-spectrum herbicides applied during the growing season. Farmers report almost total weed elimination from GMHT crops, which include cotton, soybean, maize, beet, and oilseed rape.They also report substantial reduction in herbicide use (see Pinstrup-Andersen and Cohen, This volume). Re ...
... regime of broad-spectrum herbicides applied during the growing season. Farmers report almost total weed elimination from GMHT crops, which include cotton, soybean, maize, beet, and oilseed rape.They also report substantial reduction in herbicide use (see Pinstrup-Andersen and Cohen, This volume). Re ...
The importance of biodiversity and sustainable agricultural practices
... two species, such as a monarch butterfly and a goldenrod plant. • Ecosystem level—the range of different habitats and ecosystems, such as farmlands and forests. Diversity at all levels is important for a healthy and stable environment. For example, many different species can perform the same job, su ...
... two species, such as a monarch butterfly and a goldenrod plant. • Ecosystem level—the range of different habitats and ecosystems, such as farmlands and forests. Diversity at all levels is important for a healthy and stable environment. For example, many different species can perform the same job, su ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.