Chapter 55
... • The Gap Analysis Program (GAP) identifies gaps between geographic areas that are particularly rich in biodiversity and areas that are actually managed for the preservation of biodiversity. • One recent GAP analysis combined data sets on the distribution of mammals, birds, amphibians, and freshwate ...
... • The Gap Analysis Program (GAP) identifies gaps between geographic areas that are particularly rich in biodiversity and areas that are actually managed for the preservation of biodiversity. • One recent GAP analysis combined data sets on the distribution of mammals, birds, amphibians, and freshwate ...
Terrestrial Animals and Aquatic Invertebrates
... budget for the survey to ensure that adequate funding is available for its completion. ...
... budget for the survey to ensure that adequate funding is available for its completion. ...
Prediction of bird community composition based on point
... An additional theoretical implication also arises. To the extent that species composition can be predicted from individual, niche-based models for each species, then autecology would emerge as the force that dominates the shaping of biological communities, as opposed to widespread interactions among ...
... An additional theoretical implication also arises. To the extent that species composition can be predicted from individual, niche-based models for each species, then autecology would emerge as the force that dominates the shaping of biological communities, as opposed to widespread interactions among ...
Wild species have value
... • Groups rich in species: flowering plants and insects • Conspicuous or commercially important groups are more explored and described – Birds, mammals, fish, trees • Fully exploring biodiversity would require a major effort – Species estimates rise as rain forests are explored ...
... • Groups rich in species: flowering plants and insects • Conspicuous or commercially important groups are more explored and described – Birds, mammals, fish, trees • Fully exploring biodiversity would require a major effort – Species estimates rise as rain forests are explored ...
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
... Technology transfer Article 16 CBD Parties to provide and/or facilitate access to and transfer of technologies that are relevant to • the conservation and • sustainable use of biological diversity or • make use of genetic resources and do not cause significant harm to the ...
... Technology transfer Article 16 CBD Parties to provide and/or facilitate access to and transfer of technologies that are relevant to • the conservation and • sustainable use of biological diversity or • make use of genetic resources and do not cause significant harm to the ...
The diversity–stability debate
... Cedar Creek Natural History Area, Minnesota, divided into over 200 experimental plots, and gathered information on species richness, community biomass and population biomass through time. The results of this and other extensive studies converge on the finding that diversity within an ecosystem tends ...
... Cedar Creek Natural History Area, Minnesota, divided into over 200 experimental plots, and gathered information on species richness, community biomass and population biomass through time. The results of this and other extensive studies converge on the finding that diversity within an ecosystem tends ...
1999 USA -3F Interd 3
... been measured unambiguously ± species richness ± although there is recently much emphasis on structural, process, and functional diversity. So we must determine exactly what aspects of biodiversity to seek, and why. A battery of suggestions about how to achieve this re-focus on biodiversity (e.g., e ...
... been measured unambiguously ± species richness ± although there is recently much emphasis on structural, process, and functional diversity. So we must determine exactly what aspects of biodiversity to seek, and why. A battery of suggestions about how to achieve this re-focus on biodiversity (e.g., e ...
File - Cook Biology
... confirming that low genetic variation had been causing an extinction vortex Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... confirming that low genetic variation had been causing an extinction vortex Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Unit 2 * Ecosystems and Population Change
... • Examples of adaptations include spines and shells, camouflage and mimicry. – The numbers of predators and prey influence each other. ...
... • Examples of adaptations include spines and shells, camouflage and mimicry. – The numbers of predators and prey influence each other. ...
Unit 2 * Ecosystems and Population Change
... • Examples of adaptations include spines and shells, camouflage and mimicry. – The numbers of predators and prey influence each other. ...
... • Examples of adaptations include spines and shells, camouflage and mimicry. – The numbers of predators and prey influence each other. ...
Evenness drives consistent diversity effects in intensive grassland
... of such patterns centre around hypotheses that more diverse communities better utilize available resources due to their greater occupation of niche space, and that they have a greater probability of containing positive inter-specific interactions (Trenbath 1974; Harper 1977; Vandermeer 1989; Hector ...
... of such patterns centre around hypotheses that more diverse communities better utilize available resources due to their greater occupation of niche space, and that they have a greater probability of containing positive inter-specific interactions (Trenbath 1974; Harper 1977; Vandermeer 1989; Hector ...
Chapter 20
... • It is estimated that the average annual value of ecosystem services each year in the United States is more than $33 trillion. ...
... • It is estimated that the average annual value of ecosystem services each year in the United States is more than $33 trillion. ...
Re-assessing current extinction rates
... wild’. There have been remarkable changes in the global environment over the last 50 years with large increases in rates of desertification, the loss of dry and moist tropical forests, and increases in pollution (MEA 2005). Also the threat of extinction for whole faunas and floras has only been meas ...
... wild’. There have been remarkable changes in the global environment over the last 50 years with large increases in rates of desertification, the loss of dry and moist tropical forests, and increases in pollution (MEA 2005). Also the threat of extinction for whole faunas and floras has only been meas ...
The Balance of Nature: What Is It and Why Care?
... has fascinated humans throughout history precisely because they have casu ally observed this pattern for such a long time and depended upon it for their survival. Despite the pleasing notion that the world’s ecosystems harbor a great steadiness or a perfect balance, the more detailed observer is un ...
... has fascinated humans throughout history precisely because they have casu ally observed this pattern for such a long time and depended upon it for their survival. Despite the pleasing notion that the world’s ecosystems harbor a great steadiness or a perfect balance, the more detailed observer is un ...
Microcosm Experiments as a Tool in Soil Ecology Studies
... of pollution and fisheries on ecosystems (Micheli, 1999) or harvesting on population dynamics (Cameron and Benton, 2004). Microcosms are basically small ecosystems in containers. There is a high range of microcosm studies from simple experimentally sown ...
... of pollution and fisheries on ecosystems (Micheli, 1999) or harvesting on population dynamics (Cameron and Benton, 2004). Microcosms are basically small ecosystems in containers. There is a high range of microcosm studies from simple experimentally sown ...
Ecosystems and the Biosphere as Complex Adaptive Systems
... coevolution of earth's biotic and abiotic parts. But such a view does not rest comfortablywith population biologists, because it seems to be based on group selective principles operating at levels far above those of the primaryunits of selection (Ehrlich 1991). The recognition of the biosphere and o ...
... coevolution of earth's biotic and abiotic parts. But such a view does not rest comfortablywith population biologists, because it seems to be based on group selective principles operating at levels far above those of the primaryunits of selection (Ehrlich 1991). The recognition of the biosphere and o ...
6 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Grasslands
... deletion of the dominant microbial species that accounts for nitrogen mineralization may produce a very different response depending upon the presence of other species that can perform the same function. If alternative species are not present, nitrogen mineralization will be decreased and over time ...
... deletion of the dominant microbial species that accounts for nitrogen mineralization may produce a very different response depending upon the presence of other species that can perform the same function. If alternative species are not present, nitrogen mineralization will be decreased and over time ...
Invasive alien species: priorities for international research
... This paper builds on the discussions at the May meeting and proposes a small number of international IAS issues that would benefit from UK-funded research. ...
... This paper builds on the discussions at the May meeting and proposes a small number of international IAS issues that would benefit from UK-funded research. ...
Marcel Rejmánek at 60 – the man and his work
... Dirzo (Stanford University, formerly at the National University of Mexico), and PierreMichel Forget (Museum of Natural History, France). Rejmánek’s contributions towards the development of a robust framework for plant invasion ecology have been more profound than his bibliography (impressive as it i ...
... Dirzo (Stanford University, formerly at the National University of Mexico), and PierreMichel Forget (Museum of Natural History, France). Rejmánek’s contributions towards the development of a robust framework for plant invasion ecology have been more profound than his bibliography (impressive as it i ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... Gabriel 1987; Huey and Kingsolver n. d.; Weltzer and Miller 2013) Elucidating trade-offs in microorganisms is highly challenging (Elena and Lenski 2003; Kassen and Rainey 2004; Bennett and Lenski 2007; Weltzer and Miller 2013). In this context, Levins (1968) view of resource allocation also consider ...
... Gabriel 1987; Huey and Kingsolver n. d.; Weltzer and Miller 2013) Elucidating trade-offs in microorganisms is highly challenging (Elena and Lenski 2003; Kassen and Rainey 2004; Bennett and Lenski 2007; Weltzer and Miller 2013). In this context, Levins (1968) view of resource allocation also consider ...
File - Cook Biology
... 5. Describe and explain the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. 6. Explain shy species richness declines along an equatorial-polar gradient. 7. Define zoonotic pathogens and explain, with an example, how they may be controlled. Chapter 55 – Ecosystems 1. Explain how the first and second laws of the ...
... 5. Describe and explain the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. 6. Explain shy species richness declines along an equatorial-polar gradient. 7. Define zoonotic pathogens and explain, with an example, how they may be controlled. Chapter 55 – Ecosystems 1. Explain how the first and second laws of the ...
Strategies to Protect Biological Diversity and the
... Only rarely will molecular analyses of specic genes predict variation in total tness, although statistical associations may well exist between tness components and specic genotypes. Conversely, the vicariance axis is readily assayed through molecular phylogeography (Avise, 2000a). Thus, both app ...
... Only rarely will molecular analyses of specic genes predict variation in total tness, although statistical associations may well exist between tness components and specic genotypes. Conversely, the vicariance axis is readily assayed through molecular phylogeography (Avise, 2000a). Thus, both app ...
English - SciELO Costa Rica
... Abstract: Diversity indices, particularly the Shannon-Wiener index, have extensively been used in analyzing patterns of diversity at different geographic and ecological scales. These indices have serious conceptual and statistical problems which make comparisons of species richness or species abunda ...
... Abstract: Diversity indices, particularly the Shannon-Wiener index, have extensively been used in analyzing patterns of diversity at different geographic and ecological scales. These indices have serious conceptual and statistical problems which make comparisons of species richness or species abunda ...
Strategies to Protect Biological Diversity and the
... Only rarely will molecular analyses of specic genes predict variation in total tness, although statistical associations may well exist between tness components and specic genotypes. Conversely, the vicariance axis is readily assayed through molecular phylogeography (Avise, 2000a). Thus, both app ...
... Only rarely will molecular analyses of specic genes predict variation in total tness, although statistical associations may well exist between tness components and specic genotypes. Conversely, the vicariance axis is readily assayed through molecular phylogeography (Avise, 2000a). Thus, both app ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.