Beavers and biodiversity: the ethics of ecological restoration
... prominent in this particular debate. It is rooted in Pinchotian conservationism and represents an essentially anthropocentric ethical outlook, stressing the value of nature’s use. According to this position, any species can in theory be introduced, or reintroduced, depending on its associated benefi ...
... prominent in this particular debate. It is rooted in Pinchotian conservationism and represents an essentially anthropocentric ethical outlook, stressing the value of nature’s use. According to this position, any species can in theory be introduced, or reintroduced, depending on its associated benefi ...
modeling biodiversity dynamics in countryside landscapes
... that depends on the sampling regime and scale (Rosenzweig 1995). When sampling different islands of an archipelago or other types of habitat isolates (mountaintops, forest fragments, etc.), z typically takes values from 0.25 to 0.35. The z value is lower when the sampling units are not isolated. In ...
... that depends on the sampling regime and scale (Rosenzweig 1995). When sampling different islands of an archipelago or other types of habitat isolates (mountaintops, forest fragments, etc.), z typically takes values from 0.25 to 0.35. The z value is lower when the sampling units are not isolated. In ...
Does functional redundancy exist?
... hypothesis of functional redundancy. Not all experiments, however, have been able to reject this null hypothesis (reviewed by Loreau et al. 2002), and rejection of the null hypothesis does not necessarily imply that functional redundancy is not present among some of the species, e.g. within function ...
... hypothesis of functional redundancy. Not all experiments, however, have been able to reject this null hypothesis (reviewed by Loreau et al. 2002), and rejection of the null hypothesis does not necessarily imply that functional redundancy is not present among some of the species, e.g. within function ...
Conservation of species interaction networks
... In its simplest form (i.e. interaction richness), it is the number of interactions or ‘links’ within the network. However, just as species diversity can be more than just species richness, interaction diversity is usually measured in terms relative to the number of species in the network (e.g. conne ...
... In its simplest form (i.e. interaction richness), it is the number of interactions or ‘links’ within the network. However, just as species diversity can be more than just species richness, interaction diversity is usually measured in terms relative to the number of species in the network (e.g. conne ...
Soft-sediment benthic community structure in a coral reef lagoon
... Australia. E-mail: [email protected] O Inter-Research 1998 Resale of full artjcle not permtted ...
... Australia. E-mail: [email protected] O Inter-Research 1998 Resale of full artjcle not permtted ...
Deep-sea ecosystem: a world of positive biodiversity – ecosystem
... fitting model, as appropriate. Model fitting was performed for two spatial scales, large scale, i.e. the ...
... fitting model, as appropriate. Model fitting was performed for two spatial scales, large scale, i.e. the ...
Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity
... • r–strategist species, which tend to live in recently disturbed (early successional) environments where resources are not limiting; such species tend to have high intrinsic rates of growth (high r); • K–strategist species, which tend to do well in competitive conditions and live in environments whe ...
... • r–strategist species, which tend to live in recently disturbed (early successional) environments where resources are not limiting; such species tend to have high intrinsic rates of growth (high r); • K–strategist species, which tend to do well in competitive conditions and live in environments whe ...
Name_____________________________________________
... Instinctive Behavior: Refers to behaviors that are not learned. It is an inherited behavior. A. Fixed-Action Pattern: an instinctive behavior that occurs as an unchangeable sequence of actions. A FAP is usually triggered by a specific stimulus. An animal can only perform a FAP as a whole “script”, f ...
... Instinctive Behavior: Refers to behaviors that are not learned. It is an inherited behavior. A. Fixed-Action Pattern: an instinctive behavior that occurs as an unchangeable sequence of actions. A FAP is usually triggered by a specific stimulus. An animal can only perform a FAP as a whole “script”, f ...
Biodiversity in Malaysia
... has resulted in a large number of varieties. For example, there are about 140,000 varieties of rice grown in different rice growing countries. However, with the introduction of modern high yielding varieties in the last few decades, the number of local varieties has declined very sharply in most cou ...
... has resulted in a large number of varieties. For example, there are about 140,000 varieties of rice grown in different rice growing countries. However, with the introduction of modern high yielding varieties in the last few decades, the number of local varieties has declined very sharply in most cou ...
Chapter 12 Communities and Populations Worksheets
... _____ 4. Interspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. _____ 5. Interspecific competition often leads to extinction, or it may lead to greater specialization. _____ 6. A keystone species is one that plays an especially important role in its population. _____ 7. Rock that harden ...
... _____ 4. Interspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. _____ 5. Interspecific competition often leads to extinction, or it may lead to greater specialization. _____ 6. A keystone species is one that plays an especially important role in its population. _____ 7. Rock that harden ...
Integrating Different Organizational Levels in Benthic Biodiversity
... contained autotrophs (algae), decomposers (bacteria) as well as first- and second-order consumers (protists) either of varying numbers of randomly assembled species (1, 2 or 3 species) from a species pool (Naeem & Li, 1997), or of aquatic microbial communities representing a biodiversity gradient as ...
... contained autotrophs (algae), decomposers (bacteria) as well as first- and second-order consumers (protists) either of varying numbers of randomly assembled species (1, 2 or 3 species) from a species pool (Naeem & Li, 1997), or of aquatic microbial communities representing a biodiversity gradient as ...
The Cronus hypothesis – extinction as a necessary and dynamic
... alone (Benton 2003), and 50 to 80 % in the other entered the sixth mass extinction event (recently events. Just as evolution has driven the evolutionary reviewed in Sodhi et al. 2009), which has been diversification of millions of species over billions of dubbed the Anthropocene (Crutzen 2002) becau ...
... alone (Benton 2003), and 50 to 80 % in the other entered the sixth mass extinction event (recently events. Just as evolution has driven the evolutionary reviewed in Sodhi et al. 2009), which has been diversification of millions of species over billions of dubbed the Anthropocene (Crutzen 2002) becau ...
Some Principles of Conservation Biology, as They Apply
... who seek to weaken these laws question the intrinsic value of species and attempt to put the burden of proof on environmentalists to demonstrate that a species provides direct benefits to human society and therefore warrants protection. In practice, if not in intent, the burden of proof in the ESA a ...
... who seek to weaken these laws question the intrinsic value of species and attempt to put the burden of proof on environmentalists to demonstrate that a species provides direct benefits to human society and therefore warrants protection. In practice, if not in intent, the burden of proof in the ESA a ...
The Implications of Niche Construction and Ecosystem
... biologists view niche construction as an important evolutionary process (Day et al. 2003), and acknowledge that each generation of organisms inherits both genes and a legacy of modified selection pressures from the ancestral generation. Meffe and Carroll (1997a) have emphasized that conservation bio ...
... biologists view niche construction as an important evolutionary process (Day et al. 2003), and acknowledge that each generation of organisms inherits both genes and a legacy of modified selection pressures from the ancestral generation. Meffe and Carroll (1997a) have emphasized that conservation bio ...
THE Biosphere Student Copy
... our findings as a class. Afterwards, we will fill-in the graphic organizer “officially” for you to paste into your notebook. Discuss carrying capacity. Mention on the graphic organizer. Discuss sustainability. Mention on the graphic organizer. Questions (complete for homework and write on the right ...
... our findings as a class. Afterwards, we will fill-in the graphic organizer “officially” for you to paste into your notebook. Discuss carrying capacity. Mention on the graphic organizer. Discuss sustainability. Mention on the graphic organizer. Questions (complete for homework and write on the right ...
Comparative Analysis of Diversity and Similarity Indices with Special
... to calculate the expected maximum value of the indices to which the observed values can be related at any combination of sample sizes at the experimental sites. This paper examines the effects of sample size and diversity on the expected values of diversity indices and similarity indices, using vari ...
... to calculate the expected maximum value of the indices to which the observed values can be related at any combination of sample sizes at the experimental sites. This paper examines the effects of sample size and diversity on the expected values of diversity indices and similarity indices, using vari ...
THE EFFCT OF DISTANCE FROM EDGE ON THE DENSITY AND
... Biodiversity is the variety of life in an ecosystem (Wilson, 2007). An ecosystem with more biodiversity is more likely to survive drastic habitat changes, such as natural disasters. It is important that ecosystems thrive because all life depends on the ecosystems for everyday resources such as food, ...
... Biodiversity is the variety of life in an ecosystem (Wilson, 2007). An ecosystem with more biodiversity is more likely to survive drastic habitat changes, such as natural disasters. It is important that ecosystems thrive because all life depends on the ecosystems for everyday resources such as food, ...
THE EFFCT OF DISTANCE FROM EDGE ON THE DENSITY AND
... Biodiversity is the variety of life in an ecosystem (Wilson, 2007). An ecosystem with more biodiversity is more likely to survive drastic habitat changes, such as natural disasters. It is important that ecosystems thrive because all life depends on the ecosystems for everyday resources such as food, ...
... Biodiversity is the variety of life in an ecosystem (Wilson, 2007). An ecosystem with more biodiversity is more likely to survive drastic habitat changes, such as natural disasters. It is important that ecosystems thrive because all life depends on the ecosystems for everyday resources such as food, ...
A systems approach to biodiversity conservation planning
... and therefore, difficult to measure. The concept of hierarchy6 is important here, because it facilitates the recognition of scale-dependency, i.e. the uniqueness of structure, function and ensuing measures or analytical tools to each ecological scale. For example, to measure species richness (a stru ...
... and therefore, difficult to measure. The concept of hierarchy6 is important here, because it facilitates the recognition of scale-dependency, i.e. the uniqueness of structure, function and ensuing measures or analytical tools to each ecological scale. For example, to measure species richness (a stru ...
biodiversity on farmland - Bio
... micro-organisms; the genes they carry and the land and water ecosystems of which they are a part. Biodiversity has been evolving since the beginning of life. It provides us with fresh air, clean water and fertile soil and is the basis of the interconnected web of life on earth. Biodiversity is essen ...
... micro-organisms; the genes they carry and the land and water ecosystems of which they are a part. Biodiversity has been evolving since the beginning of life. It provides us with fresh air, clean water and fertile soil and is the basis of the interconnected web of life on earth. Biodiversity is essen ...
3rd Grade BIOLOGY ECOLOGY UNIT SAND DUNE SUCCESSION
... This method is based on four assumptions: (1) The chance of capture is the same for all individuals, marked or unmarked, in both samples. (2) The population does not change in size between samples. Thus, no birth, death, immigration, or emigration occurs. This is necessary to keep the ratio of tagg ...
... This method is based on four assumptions: (1) The chance of capture is the same for all individuals, marked or unmarked, in both samples. (2) The population does not change in size between samples. Thus, no birth, death, immigration, or emigration occurs. This is necessary to keep the ratio of tagg ...
the three phases of land-use change
... Abstract. Traditional economic models of land-use change have focused on factors such as distance to population centers, available labor supply, population density, and patterns of existing infrastructure, such as roads. While such models can reproduce urban sprawl, they do not address such fundamen ...
... Abstract. Traditional economic models of land-use change have focused on factors such as distance to population centers, available labor supply, population density, and patterns of existing infrastructure, such as roads. While such models can reproduce urban sprawl, they do not address such fundamen ...
Hybridization and Conservation
... The New Zealand black stilt - formerly bred throughout New Zealand - now occurs in only one river basin due to predation and loss of breeding habitat. The pied stilt - self-introduced from Australia to the South Island in the early 1800s - spread to the North Island in the 1900s Hybrids - were first ...
... The New Zealand black stilt - formerly bred throughout New Zealand - now occurs in only one river basin due to predation and loss of breeding habitat. The pied stilt - self-introduced from Australia to the South Island in the early 1800s - spread to the North Island in the 1900s Hybrids - were first ...
Species diversity: from global decreases to local
... Theoretical work that uses species area and isolation relationships to consider expected changes in diversity at regional scales predicts that regional diversity should increase as barriers to isolation are removed, and the world comes closer to resembling a single supercontinent [12,13]. Similarly, ...
... Theoretical work that uses species area and isolation relationships to consider expected changes in diversity at regional scales predicts that regional diversity should increase as barriers to isolation are removed, and the world comes closer to resembling a single supercontinent [12,13]. Similarly, ...
Species diversity: from global decreases to local increases
... Theoretical work that uses species area and isolation relationships to consider expected changes in diversity at regional scales predicts that regional diversity should increase as barriers to isolation are removed, and the world comes closer to resembling a single supercontinent [12,13]. Similarly, ...
... Theoretical work that uses species area and isolation relationships to consider expected changes in diversity at regional scales predicts that regional diversity should increase as barriers to isolation are removed, and the world comes closer to resembling a single supercontinent [12,13]. Similarly, ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.