56_Lecture_Presentation
... Species Diversity • Species diversity is the variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere • According to the U.S. Endangered Species Act – An endangered species is “in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range” – A threatened species is likely ...
... Species Diversity • Species diversity is the variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere • According to the U.S. Endangered Species Act – An endangered species is “in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range” – A threatened species is likely ...
Low biodiversity state persists two decades after cessation of
... 2010). To test for a hysteretic response in E. repens relative biomass, we used the glm function in the stats package to fit a quasibinomial generalised linear model as a function of Cessation Treatment (continuous or cessation), Soil Nitrate and their interaction. The quasimaximum-likelihood versio ...
... 2010). To test for a hysteretic response in E. repens relative biomass, we used the glm function in the stats package to fit a quasibinomial generalised linear model as a function of Cessation Treatment (continuous or cessation), Soil Nitrate and their interaction. The quasimaximum-likelihood versio ...
Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what`s known and
... For experiments that manipulated three or more levels of richness, we attempted to discern the functional form of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship. We found that, for response variables related to consumption, a powerfunction best described the relationship, which is also consiste ...
... For experiments that manipulated three or more levels of richness, we attempted to discern the functional form of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship. We found that, for response variables related to consumption, a powerfunction best described the relationship, which is also consiste ...
Mountain Biodiversity and global change
... A new definition of mountains by the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (Körner et al. 2010) is using ruggedness as a simple and pragmatic proxi for steepness. This definition forms the basis of the Mountain Biodiversity Portal. Ruggedness is defined here as the maximal difference of at least 200 ...
... A new definition of mountains by the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (Körner et al. 2010) is using ruggedness as a simple and pragmatic proxi for steepness. This definition forms the basis of the Mountain Biodiversity Portal. Ruggedness is defined here as the maximal difference of at least 200 ...
Ch 1: Student Powerpoint File
... Predators have adaptations to help them catch their prey. Prey have adaptations to help avoid predators. Examples of adaptations include spines and shells, camouflage and mimicry. The numbers of predators and prey influence each other. ...
... Predators have adaptations to help them catch their prey. Prey have adaptations to help avoid predators. Examples of adaptations include spines and shells, camouflage and mimicry. The numbers of predators and prey influence each other. ...
Comparative phylogeography of two related plant species with
... Background: The aim of the present study was to use a combined phylogeographic and species distribution modelling approach to compare the glacial histories of two plant species with overlapping distributions, Orthilia secunda (one-sided wintergreen) and Monotropa hypopitys (yellow bird’s nest). Phyl ...
... Background: The aim of the present study was to use a combined phylogeographic and species distribution modelling approach to compare the glacial histories of two plant species with overlapping distributions, Orthilia secunda (one-sided wintergreen) and Monotropa hypopitys (yellow bird’s nest). Phyl ...
Chapter 3 Environment: The Science behind the Stories 4th Edition
... • Specialists = have narrow niches and specific needs - Extremely good at what they do - But vulnerable when conditions change • Generalists = species with broad niches - They use a wide array of habitats and resources - They can live in many different places © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Specialists = have narrow niches and specific needs - Extremely good at what they do - But vulnerable when conditions change • Generalists = species with broad niches - They use a wide array of habitats and resources - They can live in many different places © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
The effect of human disturbance on fungal diversity in the tropics
... are characterized by warmer temperature, with little or no seasonality, and heavy precipitation during at least part of the year. Although tropical habitats only occupy 25.7 % of the land area of the earth, they harbor the bulk of the world's species (Deshmukh, 1986). Raven (1988) suggested that 2/3 ...
... are characterized by warmer temperature, with little or no seasonality, and heavy precipitation during at least part of the year. Although tropical habitats only occupy 25.7 % of the land area of the earth, they harbor the bulk of the world's species (Deshmukh, 1986). Raven (1988) suggested that 2/3 ...
Landscape net Ecological Potential - Eionet Projects
... 2. Discussion of results and quality assessment a. What does NLEP tell and doesn’t tell? An overview of the distribution over Europe of ecological potentials is presented on figures 5 & 6.. Values are displayed by cells of the standard European1 km² grid or by regions. Looking at figures 7 & 8, we ...
... 2. Discussion of results and quality assessment a. What does NLEP tell and doesn’t tell? An overview of the distribution over Europe of ecological potentials is presented on figures 5 & 6.. Values are displayed by cells of the standard European1 km² grid or by regions. Looking at figures 7 & 8, we ...
Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory
... competitive exclusion principle, and both Hutchinson’s and MacArthur’s work on the niche and species packing. The influence of these and other related ideas on ecology was enormous, because they set both theoretical and empirical ecology on a course with little digression for over 50 years. During t ...
... competitive exclusion principle, and both Hutchinson’s and MacArthur’s work on the niche and species packing. The influence of these and other related ideas on ecology was enormous, because they set both theoretical and empirical ecology on a course with little digression for over 50 years. During t ...
Lessons for ecology, conservation and society from the Serengeti
... The effects of history Ivory hunting – affected the vegetation in Protected areas such as Tsavo (Kenya) and Chobe (Botswana), and altered the long-term course of conservation in Africa. It also decimated human populations and prevented human advancement ...
... The effects of history Ivory hunting – affected the vegetation in Protected areas such as Tsavo (Kenya) and Chobe (Botswana), and altered the long-term course of conservation in Africa. It also decimated human populations and prevented human advancement ...
AP BIOLOGY – CHRISTMAS BREAK WORK
... disturbance: List and describe the characteristics of the major aquatic biomes List and describe the characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes Compare the vertical layering of a forest and grassland ...
... disturbance: List and describe the characteristics of the major aquatic biomes List and describe the characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes Compare the vertical layering of a forest and grassland ...
- Wiley Online Library
... molecular, physiological and imaging-based tools. Macroecologists will tackle problems pertaining to the temporal turnover of microbial communities and diversity. Owing to their capacity for rapid evolution, it may be possible for scientists to consider and test questions related to macroevolutionar ...
... molecular, physiological and imaging-based tools. Macroecologists will tackle problems pertaining to the temporal turnover of microbial communities and diversity. Owing to their capacity for rapid evolution, it may be possible for scientists to consider and test questions related to macroevolutionar ...
Terrestrial Arthropod Assemblages: Their Use in Conservation
... Terrestrial arthropods have been referredto as "the little things that run the world" (Wilson 1988): they occupy the widest possible diversityof ecosystems, microhabitats, and niches, and they play many key ecological roles (Collins & Thomas 1991). Values of terrestrialvertebrate indicators have alr ...
... Terrestrial arthropods have been referredto as "the little things that run the world" (Wilson 1988): they occupy the widest possible diversityof ecosystems, microhabitats, and niches, and they play many key ecological roles (Collins & Thomas 1991). Values of terrestrialvertebrate indicators have alr ...
Group A: Impacts on Organisms, Communities and Landscapes
... Impacts can be divided into: 1) impacts of the invader itself on ecosystem components 2) impacts of the management actions directed at the invader on the ecosystem components. The decision to manage is often predicated on the level/severity of impact or perceived impact. ...
... Impacts can be divided into: 1) impacts of the invader itself on ecosystem components 2) impacts of the management actions directed at the invader on the ecosystem components. The decision to manage is often predicated on the level/severity of impact or perceived impact. ...
Diversity effects beyond species richness: evidence from intertidal macroalgal assemblages Francisco Arenas
... relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning, particularly productivity, have dominated research in this area of ecology, with a linear or loglinear relationship as the most commonly described patterns (Hooper et al. 2005, Srivastava & Vellend 2005, Balvanera et al. 2006). Biodiversity h ...
... relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning, particularly productivity, have dominated research in this area of ecology, with a linear or loglinear relationship as the most commonly described patterns (Hooper et al. 2005, Srivastava & Vellend 2005, Balvanera et al. 2006). Biodiversity h ...
Understanding the Natural World - University of Illinois Extension
... Every ecosystem, whether natural or man-made, is composed of abiotic and biotic parts. The abiotic components are the non-living entities of nature, i.e. the land (rock, sediment, soil), water, and atmosphere. There are two types of abiotic components: 1) physical (e.g., sunlight, precipitation, cli ...
... Every ecosystem, whether natural or man-made, is composed of abiotic and biotic parts. The abiotic components are the non-living entities of nature, i.e. the land (rock, sediment, soil), water, and atmosphere. There are two types of abiotic components: 1) physical (e.g., sunlight, precipitation, cli ...
Engineering role models: do non-human species have the answers?
... Nevertheless, natural systems are not entirely unpredictable and it is from natural systems that all goods and services ultimately derive. These services include important processes of soil formation, decomposition of organic matter, filtering capacity, recycling of nutrients, and regulating local a ...
... Nevertheless, natural systems are not entirely unpredictable and it is from natural systems that all goods and services ultimately derive. These services include important processes of soil formation, decomposition of organic matter, filtering capacity, recycling of nutrients, and regulating local a ...
ppt
... “Under certain circumstances, where new niches are encountered (e.g., on islands) or where competition with an ecologically similar species is strong and predictable, particular ecological traits of an organism may change adaptively over time… leading to a breakdown of the correlation between phylog ...
... “Under certain circumstances, where new niches are encountered (e.g., on islands) or where competition with an ecologically similar species is strong and predictable, particular ecological traits of an organism may change adaptively over time… leading to a breakdown of the correlation between phylog ...
Habitat Loss, Trophic Collapse, and the Decline of Ecosystem
... stages of collapse, on ants has essentially ...
... stages of collapse, on ants has essentially ...
Nullarbor 2 (NUL2 Nullarbor Central Band subregion)45.8 KB
... Autumn 1984 (4 days and nights each sampling). Floristic Data: Data is general and knowledge is incomplete. Bioregion survey had 80 quadrats across bioregion (SA and WA) with 20 in NUL2. Quadrats only positioned on discrete vegetation units and surface types with more widespread land units replicate ...
... Autumn 1984 (4 days and nights each sampling). Floristic Data: Data is general and knowledge is incomplete. Bioregion survey had 80 quadrats across bioregion (SA and WA) with 20 in NUL2. Quadrats only positioned on discrete vegetation units and surface types with more widespread land units replicate ...
Are we Delivering Indigenous Biodiversity Conservation Outcomes
... goods (e.g., food) and services (e.g., waste assimilation) as the benefits that human populations derive from ecosystem function. They suggest that because ecosystem functions and services contribute directly or indirectly to human welfare, they therefore represent part of the total economic value o ...
... goods (e.g., food) and services (e.g., waste assimilation) as the benefits that human populations derive from ecosystem function. They suggest that because ecosystem functions and services contribute directly or indirectly to human welfare, they therefore represent part of the total economic value o ...
Diversity of Interactions: A Metric for Studies of Biodiversity
... pattern emerging from this work is that these mutualistic networks are cohesive in that the generalists in these systems create a dense core of interactions that provides a foundation for the rest of the community (Bascompte et al. 2003). This approach allows for insight about the consequences of lo ...
... pattern emerging from this work is that these mutualistic networks are cohesive in that the generalists in these systems create a dense core of interactions that provides a foundation for the rest of the community (Bascompte et al. 2003). This approach allows for insight about the consequences of lo ...
An Index of Diversity and the Relation of Certain Concepts to Diversity
... The concept of diversity is particularly important because it is commonly considered an attribute of a natural or organized community (Hairston 1964) or is related to important ecological processes. Diversity has been said to increase in a successional sequence to a maximum at climax, to enhance com ...
... The concept of diversity is particularly important because it is commonly considered an attribute of a natural or organized community (Hairston 1964) or is related to important ecological processes. Diversity has been said to increase in a successional sequence to a maximum at climax, to enhance com ...
Habitat loss, trophic collapse, and the decline of ecosystem services
... We have used the list of ecosystem goods and services developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment as the basis of our list of services provided by different natural and human-modified ecosystems (Table 1; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2003). We have then classified the response of ecosystem ser ...
... We have used the list of ecosystem goods and services developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment as the basis of our list of services provided by different natural and human-modified ecosystems (Table 1; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2003). We have then classified the response of ecosystem ser ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.