Effect of climate change on the thermal stratification of the baltic sea
... The Baltic Sea is one of the largest brackish waters in the world [377,400 km2 (Sjöberg 1992)] and, although its dynamical features are very close to that of an oceanic basin in many aspects, its low salinity makes it a climatological niche (Stipa 2002; Stipa and Seppälä 2002). This specific feat ...
... The Baltic Sea is one of the largest brackish waters in the world [377,400 km2 (Sjöberg 1992)] and, although its dynamical features are very close to that of an oceanic basin in many aspects, its low salinity makes it a climatological niche (Stipa 2002; Stipa and Seppälä 2002). This specific feat ...
Pan-Arctic Climate and Land Cover Trends Derived from Multi
... of the products are defined with 0.5°in latitude and longitude. The time series starts in 1901. Until the early 1980s, the amount of stations has substantially increased [40,41]. Temperature and precipitation information from the CRU data archive have been widely used for arctic research studies [42 ...
... of the products are defined with 0.5°in latitude and longitude. The time series starts in 1901. Until the early 1980s, the amount of stations has substantially increased [40,41]. Temperature and precipitation information from the CRU data archive have been widely used for arctic research studies [42 ...
Climate variability and change: a perspective from the oceania region
... aerosols, future trends may be very different from trends observed over the last few decades. Arblaster et al. [22] find a similar result of opposing effects of greenhouse gases and ozone. Such studies, which involve “single-forcing” simulations of, for example, greenhouse gases, ozone or aerosols a ...
... aerosols, future trends may be very different from trends observed over the last few decades. Arblaster et al. [22] find a similar result of opposing effects of greenhouse gases and ozone. Such studies, which involve “single-forcing” simulations of, for example, greenhouse gases, ozone or aerosols a ...
Smallholder Farmers` Perception of Climate Change
... The earth’s average surface temperature has increased by almost 0.740C over the past century (IPCC, 2007a). The consequences of this alteration are now becoming more visible as climatic conditions and ecosystems change (IPCC, 2007b). Climate refers to the characteristic conditions of the earth’s low ...
... The earth’s average surface temperature has increased by almost 0.740C over the past century (IPCC, 2007a). The consequences of this alteration are now becoming more visible as climatic conditions and ecosystems change (IPCC, 2007b). Climate refers to the characteristic conditions of the earth’s low ...
Acceleration technique for Milankovitch type forcing in a coupled
... survey is concerned with the middle to late Holocene, which can be considered as a relatively stable period, wherein rapid climate events were absent (Grootes et al. 1993, Clark et al. 2002). The temperature evolution of the Holocene is also important in light of recent climate change. The new third ...
... survey is concerned with the middle to late Holocene, which can be considered as a relatively stable period, wherein rapid climate events were absent (Grootes et al. 1993, Clark et al. 2002). The temperature evolution of the Holocene is also important in light of recent climate change. The new third ...
Streamflow timing of mountain rivers in spain: Recent changes and
... alteration of mountain ecosystems, economic losses in winter-tourism areas, or changes in the ...
... alteration of mountain ecosystems, economic losses in winter-tourism areas, or changes in the ...
Climate change alters interannual variation of grassland
... was negatively related to the temperatures for the preceding 2 (r2 = 0.26, P = 0.023) and 4–5 (r2 = 0.26, P = 0.023) months, respectively (Fig. 5c, e), while MAB in July and September did not show significant correlations with temperature (Fig. 5d, f). When the relationships between MAB and precipit ...
... was negatively related to the temperatures for the preceding 2 (r2 = 0.26, P = 0.023) and 4–5 (r2 = 0.26, P = 0.023) months, respectively (Fig. 5c, e), while MAB in July and September did not show significant correlations with temperature (Fig. 5d, f). When the relationships between MAB and precipit ...
The Response of Precipitation Minus
... warming climate, following the Clausius–Clapeyron relation at roughly constant relative humidity [a similar mechanism was termed the direct moisture effect by Chou and Neelin (2004)]. The dynamical contribution to precipitation changes is also important locally (Xie et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2013; C ...
... warming climate, following the Clausius–Clapeyron relation at roughly constant relative humidity [a similar mechanism was termed the direct moisture effect by Chou and Neelin (2004)]. The dynamical contribution to precipitation changes is also important locally (Xie et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2013; C ...
Introduction - Department of Meteorology and Climate Science
... (M. D. King, S. Platnick et al. – NASA GSFC) ...
... (M. D. King, S. Platnick et al. – NASA GSFC) ...
Climate change projections for Greater Manchester
... the potential future climate for the UK. Continued improvements in modelling and understanding of the climate system allow climate projections to be periodically reviewed and refined. This latest set of projections is an improvement on the last suite of UKCIP02 scenarios as they are downscaled to a ...
... the potential future climate for the UK. Continued improvements in modelling and understanding of the climate system allow climate projections to be periodically reviewed and refined. This latest set of projections is an improvement on the last suite of UKCIP02 scenarios as they are downscaled to a ...
- Ontario Climate Change Data Portal
... projections over the province of Ontario, Canada, by adding regionalized climate physics to the large-scale outputs from the HadCM3 modelling system under the SRES A1B emission scenario. The PRECIS model can be applied easily to any area of the globe to generate detailed climate change projections, ...
... projections over the province of Ontario, Canada, by adding regionalized climate physics to the large-scale outputs from the HadCM3 modelling system under the SRES A1B emission scenario. The PRECIS model can be applied easily to any area of the globe to generate detailed climate change projections, ...
Plot-scale evidence of tundra vegetation change and links to recent
... Sarah C. Elmendorf, Gregory H. R. Henry, Robert D. Hollister et al.* Temperature is increasing at unprecedented rates across most of the tundra biome1 . Remote-sensing data indicate that contemporary climate warming has already resulted in increased productivity over much of the Arctic2,3 , but plot ...
... Sarah C. Elmendorf, Gregory H. R. Henry, Robert D. Hollister et al.* Temperature is increasing at unprecedented rates across most of the tundra biome1 . Remote-sensing data indicate that contemporary climate warming has already resulted in increased productivity over much of the Arctic2,3 , but plot ...
Global collapse—Fact or fiction? Futures
... The collapses of the Canadian cod fisheries and the Easter Island society are examples of collapse caused by resource limitations. The two cases of collapse in the financial market are not caused by physical limitations, but are included to illustrate two points. First, both demonstrate how well-infor ...
... The collapses of the Canadian cod fisheries and the Easter Island society are examples of collapse caused by resource limitations. The two cases of collapse in the financial market are not caused by physical limitations, but are included to illustrate two points. First, both demonstrate how well-infor ...
An Uncertain Future: law enforcement, national security and climate
... The difficulty is that analysts are not just examining the direct physical effects of climate change – which are themselves hard enough to predict with certainty – but trying to assess the likely social, political and economic consequences of those physical effects, and how they might in turn intera ...
... The difficulty is that analysts are not just examining the direct physical effects of climate change – which are themselves hard enough to predict with certainty – but trying to assess the likely social, political and economic consequences of those physical effects, and how they might in turn intera ...
rapid climate change
... heat northwards. This is part of a much larger global ocean circulation system. Before the programme, computer models had shown that this heat conveyor produces a substantially warmer climate in western Europe than would otherwise be the case. The models also show that increasing greenhouse gases i ...
... heat northwards. This is part of a much larger global ocean circulation system. Before the programme, computer models had shown that this heat conveyor produces a substantially warmer climate in western Europe than would otherwise be the case. The models also show that increasing greenhouse gases i ...
- Wiley Online Library
... The socioeconomic value of better understanding the ECS is well documented. If the ECS were well below 1.5 K, climate change would be a less serious problem. The stakes are much higher for the upper bound. If the ECS were above 4.5 K, immediate and severe reductions of greenhouse gas emissions would ...
... The socioeconomic value of better understanding the ECS is well documented. If the ECS were well below 1.5 K, climate change would be a less serious problem. The stakes are much higher for the upper bound. If the ECS were above 4.5 K, immediate and severe reductions of greenhouse gas emissions would ...
SEACAMd
... • Medium confidence in an moderate increase in rainfall over continental Southeast Asia. • To the south there is generally a drying although this may not be significant relative to the natural decadal variations in this region. ...
... • Medium confidence in an moderate increase in rainfall over continental Southeast Asia. • To the south there is generally a drying although this may not be significant relative to the natural decadal variations in this region. ...
Anthropogenic modification of the oceans
... The most well known of the effects of elevated CO2 and other greenhouse gases is the increased interception of outgoing (potentially planet-leaving) infrared radiation. This understanding was originally underpinned by measurements of the amounts of heat radiation penetrating through tubes with diffe ...
... The most well known of the effects of elevated CO2 and other greenhouse gases is the increased interception of outgoing (potentially planet-leaving) infrared radiation. This understanding was originally underpinned by measurements of the amounts of heat radiation penetrating through tubes with diffe ...
Abstract - biodiversity
... part of 20th century and was confirmed gradually in the researches of the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in the beginning of 1990s to the current time (IPCC – 2006). The international conventions stated the significance and the urgency of the Climate change include: ...
... part of 20th century and was confirmed gradually in the researches of the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in the beginning of 1990s to the current time (IPCC – 2006). The international conventions stated the significance and the urgency of the Climate change include: ...
climate change in lesotho - Lesotho Meteorological Services
... on the global climate. The report pointed out that over the last century, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases had increased by 30% to 145%, mainly as a result of human activity. Similarly, global temperatures had increased by 0.3° to 0.6°C as a result of this increase in the concentration ...
... on the global climate. The report pointed out that over the last century, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases had increased by 30% to 145%, mainly as a result of human activity. Similarly, global temperatures had increased by 0.3° to 0.6°C as a result of this increase in the concentration ...
Mahongo_Impacts of Sea Level Rise
... Tide gauge records in the region are not long enough to give any conclusive evidence on sea level rise. Fairly long records of at least 50 years are needed because of the influence of natural variability in the climate system (Douglas, 1992). Some of the stations, including the oldest ones such as M ...
... Tide gauge records in the region are not long enough to give any conclusive evidence on sea level rise. Fairly long records of at least 50 years are needed because of the influence of natural variability in the climate system (Douglas, 1992). Some of the stations, including the oldest ones such as M ...
Globally averaged temperatures have increased since the mid
... agents which also impact Arctic climate. Addressing these species has the advantage that emission reductions will be felt immediately. These agents include methane, tropospheric ozone, and tropospheric aerosols. The goals of this article are to describe the mechanisms by which these short-lived poll ...
... agents which also impact Arctic climate. Addressing these species has the advantage that emission reductions will be felt immediately. These agents include methane, tropospheric ozone, and tropospheric aerosols. The goals of this article are to describe the mechanisms by which these short-lived poll ...
Sensitivity of terrestrial precipitation trends to the structural evolution
... the standard deviation of the intermodel trends at a given grid point, x2 (which in the model-index domain is equivalent to standardizing in the time domain). All model data have been interpolated to a common 5° × 5° grid. ...
... the standard deviation of the intermodel trends at a given grid point, x2 (which in the model-index domain is equivalent to standardizing in the time domain). All model data have been interpolated to a common 5° × 5° grid. ...
Global warming hiatus
A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown, is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such periods are evident in the surface temperature record, along with robust evidence of the long term warming trend.The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006 assertions had been made that this showed that global warming had stopped. A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional, and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability, the rising temperature trend continued unabated. There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend, the IPCC included a section on a hiatus, which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012, than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012. Various studies examined possible causes of the short term slowdown. Even though the overall climate system had continued to accumulate energy due to Earth's positive energy budget, the available temperature readings at the earth's surface indicated slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade. Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space, the retained energy should be producing warming in at least one of the five parts of Earth's climate system.A July 2015 paper on the updated NOAA dataset cast doubt on the existence of this supposed hiatus, and found no indication of a slowdown. This analysis incorporated the latest corrections for known biases in ocean temperature measurements, and new land temperature data. Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study, though the view was expressed that the short term warming trend had been slower than in previous periods of the same length.