Human health risks of faecal pollution from different sources: A
... Faecal pollution of surface water can come from a number of sources including raw human sewage, treated sewage, farm animals such as cows and sheep, domestic animals, wildfowl and many other sources. The aim of this project was to explore the evidence available in the literature as to how contact wi ...
... Faecal pollution of surface water can come from a number of sources including raw human sewage, treated sewage, farm animals such as cows and sheep, domestic animals, wildfowl and many other sources. The aim of this project was to explore the evidence available in the literature as to how contact wi ...
EBB Disease Risk Analysis Report FINAL
... A recovery program for the eastern barred bandicoot (EBB), Perameles gunnii, was initiated in 1989. Intensive management efforts have seen the growth of the population from a founder base of just 19 individuals to around one thousand. The loss of suitable habitat, combined with fox predation, limits ...
... A recovery program for the eastern barred bandicoot (EBB), Perameles gunnii, was initiated in 1989. Intensive management efforts have seen the growth of the population from a founder base of just 19 individuals to around one thousand. The loss of suitable habitat, combined with fox predation, limits ...
273-320 Equine-Scientific Proceedings.indd
... Diagnostic imaging of the sacroiliac region is a challenge. Radiography is only possible in small anesthetized horses(13). Scintigraphy is useful in identifying inflammation of the sacroiliac joints however, diagnosis should not be based on scintigraphic findings alone as there is significant overla ...
... Diagnostic imaging of the sacroiliac region is a challenge. Radiography is only possible in small anesthetized horses(13). Scintigraphy is useful in identifying inflammation of the sacroiliac joints however, diagnosis should not be based on scintigraphic findings alone as there is significant overla ...
The role of hyaluronic acid capsular material of Streptococcus equi
... Hyaluronic acid is thought to be one of the critical virulence factors of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. The present study was designed to study the role of hyaluronic acid capsular material in mediating adherence and to resist the phagocytosis of the host’s immune defence. The studies wer ...
... Hyaluronic acid is thought to be one of the critical virulence factors of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. The present study was designed to study the role of hyaluronic acid capsular material in mediating adherence and to resist the phagocytosis of the host’s immune defence. The studies wer ...
university of agricultural sciences
... antibodies, demonstrates the involvement of humoral immunity specific to the disease. The results regarding the variation of erythrocyte constants showed lower values for RBC, Hb, PCV and MCHC in BLV+ cattle than in those BLV- (reference lot), a tendency towards a state of normocytic, hypocromatic a ...
... antibodies, demonstrates the involvement of humoral immunity specific to the disease. The results regarding the variation of erythrocyte constants showed lower values for RBC, Hb, PCV and MCHC in BLV+ cattle than in those BLV- (reference lot), a tendency towards a state of normocytic, hypocromatic a ...
Subcritical endemic steady states in mathematical models for animal
... catches the infection and after an infectious period becomes completely susceptible again. SIS models are appropriate for sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea [1]. However, there is increasing evidence that some animal infections may provide only partial immunity and can spread amongst ...
... catches the infection and after an infectious period becomes completely susceptible again. SIS models are appropriate for sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea [1]. However, there is increasing evidence that some animal infections may provide only partial immunity and can spread amongst ...
An Allee Effect Reduces Tilletia indica Letter to the Editor
... We are assuming that monokaryon infections in the same infection court (floret) will encounter each other and form dikaryons. Goates (21) showed that hyphae colonizing the lemma, palea, or glume grow toward the bottom of the floret where they may meet at the floret base or in the subovarian tissue. ...
... We are assuming that monokaryon infections in the same infection court (floret) will encounter each other and form dikaryons. Goates (21) showed that hyphae colonizing the lemma, palea, or glume grow toward the bottom of the floret where they may meet at the floret base or in the subovarian tissue. ...
Disease Risk Assessments Involving Companion Animals
... Prioritization of companion animal transmissible diseases was performed by the Companion Animals multisectoriaL interprofessionaL Interdisciplinary Strategic Think tank On zoonoses (CALLISTO) project. The project considered diseases occurring in domesticated species commonly kept as pets, such as do ...
... Prioritization of companion animal transmissible diseases was performed by the Companion Animals multisectoriaL interprofessionaL Interdisciplinary Strategic Think tank On zoonoses (CALLISTO) project. The project considered diseases occurring in domesticated species commonly kept as pets, such as do ...
Examination of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
... disease (JD) in ruminants (Mijs et al., 2002). JD is a chronic wasting disease affecting cattle, sheep, goats and other ruminants caused by M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) (Harris & Barletta, 2001). Rabbit, deer and other wildlife have also been shown to be infected by Map (Waddell et al. ...
... disease (JD) in ruminants (Mijs et al., 2002). JD is a chronic wasting disease affecting cattle, sheep, goats and other ruminants caused by M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) (Harris & Barletta, 2001). Rabbit, deer and other wildlife have also been shown to be infected by Map (Waddell et al. ...
Antimicrobial resistance - why the irresponsible use of antibiotics in
... antibiotic resistance around the globe, in which it said that a post-antibiotic era is not an apocalyptic fantasy, but a real possibility for the 21st century. The WHO warns that resistance is becoming a problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine. A more recent governme ...
... antibiotic resistance around the globe, in which it said that a post-antibiotic era is not an apocalyptic fantasy, but a real possibility for the 21st century. The WHO warns that resistance is becoming a problem so serious that it threatens the achievements of modern medicine. A more recent governme ...
Nuclear Medicine imaging of vertebral infections Lazzeri, Elena
... the bone to open fractures or the implants of joint prostheses are the most common causes of osteomyelitis. Diagnosis The diagnosis of osteomyelitis is based on the clinical findings, with physical examination and laboratory tests: elevations in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive prot ...
... the bone to open fractures or the implants of joint prostheses are the most common causes of osteomyelitis. Diagnosis The diagnosis of osteomyelitis is based on the clinical findings, with physical examination and laboratory tests: elevations in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive prot ...
Fadok, Valerie_Atypical_mycobacteriosis
... Gunn-Moore, Danièlle A, Sarah E McFarland, Alex Schock, Jacqueline I Brewer, Tim R Crawshaw, Richard S Clifton-Hadley, and Darren J Shaw. "Mycobacterial Disease in a Population of 339 Cats in Great Britain: II. Histopathology of 225 Cases, and Treatment and Outcome of 184 Cases." Journal of feline m ...
... Gunn-Moore, Danièlle A, Sarah E McFarland, Alex Schock, Jacqueline I Brewer, Tim R Crawshaw, Richard S Clifton-Hadley, and Darren J Shaw. "Mycobacterial Disease in a Population of 339 Cats in Great Britain: II. Histopathology of 225 Cases, and Treatment and Outcome of 184 Cases." Journal of feline m ...
ISOLATION OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS FROM A FREE
... calves (Baker, 1995). A key feature of infection during the first trimester of pregnancy is the development of immunotolerance to the virus by the fetus and persistent, life-long infection of the calf (McClurkin et al., 1984). If these persistently infected (PI) calves survive, they serve as an impo ...
... calves (Baker, 1995). A key feature of infection during the first trimester of pregnancy is the development of immunotolerance to the virus by the fetus and persistent, life-long infection of the calf (McClurkin et al., 1984). If these persistently infected (PI) calves survive, they serve as an impo ...
US Outbreak of Human Salmonella Infections –2011 Associated With Aquatic Frogs, 2008
... OBJECTIVE: Although amphibians are known Salmonella carriers, no such outbreaks have been reported. We investigated a nationwide outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections occurring predominantly among children from 2008 to 2011. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control study. Cases wer ...
... OBJECTIVE: Although amphibians are known Salmonella carriers, no such outbreaks have been reported. We investigated a nationwide outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections occurring predominantly among children from 2008 to 2011. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control study. Cases wer ...
Sunday October 9 Monday October 10 10:30
... The Burden of Norovirus in Latin America Nicole Van Abel - USEPA - Washington, DC - USA Estimate Health Risk from Drinking and Recreational Water Exposure to Noroviruses in Sewage-polluted Surface Water in South Africa Joseph Bonifacio - Research Institute for Tropical Medicine - Muntinlupa City - P ...
... The Burden of Norovirus in Latin America Nicole Van Abel - USEPA - Washington, DC - USA Estimate Health Risk from Drinking and Recreational Water Exposure to Noroviruses in Sewage-polluted Surface Water in South Africa Joseph Bonifacio - Research Institute for Tropical Medicine - Muntinlupa City - P ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.