Genetic modification of wood quality for second
... ratio is usually greater than four.47 The regulatory mechanisms of cellulose crystallization in plant cell walls are poorly understood. Cellulose is synthesized in the plasma membrane by coordination of multiple proteins.37,48-50 These proteins are assembled into terminal complexes (TCs), which subs ...
... ratio is usually greater than four.47 The regulatory mechanisms of cellulose crystallization in plant cell walls are poorly understood. Cellulose is synthesized in the plasma membrane by coordination of multiple proteins.37,48-50 These proteins are assembled into terminal complexes (TCs), which subs ...
Fig 1.
... before [8,9]. All cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Life Technologies), and penicillin/streptomycin (Life Technologies), in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C. The generation of H4 cells stably expressing H ...
... before [8,9]. All cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Life Technologies), and penicillin/streptomycin (Life Technologies), in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C. The generation of H4 cells stably expressing H ...
Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle Structure
... 9Like skeletal muscle, contraction in smooth muscle is initiated by an increase in intracellular Ca2+. This increase can be caused by nerve stimulation, hormonal stimulation, stretch of the fiber or intrinsic changes in the chemical and electrical environment of the cell. 9Smooth muscle does not con ...
... 9Like skeletal muscle, contraction in smooth muscle is initiated by an increase in intracellular Ca2+. This increase can be caused by nerve stimulation, hormonal stimulation, stretch of the fiber or intrinsic changes in the chemical and electrical environment of the cell. 9Smooth muscle does not con ...
Arismita Guha Ray
... the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals and can be easily transferred through food, especially meats such as beef (Center 2007). The strain of E. coli being used in this experiment though, is harmless, as most strains of the bacteria are. Transformation, conjugation and transduction are the thr ...
... the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals and can be easily transferred through food, especially meats such as beef (Center 2007). The strain of E. coli being used in this experiment though, is harmless, as most strains of the bacteria are. Transformation, conjugation and transduction are the thr ...
Functional Microsatellite Polymorphism Associated with Divergent
... related microtine rodents (voles), the biological mechanisms for sociobehavioral diversity are beginning to be revealed. Males of the highly social prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) species contribute to parental care and form an enduring pair bond with a mate (Shapiro and Dewsbury 1990). In contr ...
... related microtine rodents (voles), the biological mechanisms for sociobehavioral diversity are beginning to be revealed. Males of the highly social prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) species contribute to parental care and form an enduring pair bond with a mate (Shapiro and Dewsbury 1990). In contr ...
ACTIN2 Is Essential for Bulge Site Selection and Tip Growth during
... processes underlying plant development. Plant cell growth is a complex process, as the cells are surrounded by a cell wall that limits enlargement of the cell. Therefore, plant cell growth requires a wellcoordinated and tightly controlled expansion of the protoplast and the cell wall. Root hairs pro ...
... processes underlying plant development. Plant cell growth is a complex process, as the cells are surrounded by a cell wall that limits enlargement of the cell. Therefore, plant cell growth requires a wellcoordinated and tightly controlled expansion of the protoplast and the cell wall. Root hairs pro ...
Force generation by kinesin and myosin cytoskeletal motor proteins
... ADP and ATP-like (bound to the nonhydrolysable ATP analogue, AMP?PNP) structures shows substantial movement of helix a3, which is adjacent to helix a2 following the P-loop. As helix a3 in kinesins is adjacent to a region containing loop L8, which also binds microtubules, it is possible that movement ...
... ADP and ATP-like (bound to the nonhydrolysable ATP analogue, AMP?PNP) structures shows substantial movement of helix a3, which is adjacent to helix a2 following the P-loop. As helix a3 in kinesins is adjacent to a region containing loop L8, which also binds microtubules, it is possible that movement ...
Protists Cells: Grow and Develop:
... their food. Other Protists are Photoautotrophs that make their own food from the sunlight. Algea is a great example of a photautotroph. Unlike the bacteria kingdoms scientists do not know of any Protists that are Chemoautotrophs. The photoautotrophs are very similar to plants. They have chloroplasts ...
... their food. Other Protists are Photoautotrophs that make their own food from the sunlight. Algea is a great example of a photautotroph. Unlike the bacteria kingdoms scientists do not know of any Protists that are Chemoautotrophs. The photoautotrophs are very similar to plants. They have chloroplasts ...
Chapter 9 Muscle
... The membranes of the SR contain primary active transport proteins 主動運送蛋白—Ca2+ATPase—that pump calcium ions from the cytosol back into the lumen of the SR ...
... The membranes of the SR contain primary active transport proteins 主動運送蛋白—Ca2+ATPase—that pump calcium ions from the cytosol back into the lumen of the SR ...
Lysosomes and Fas-mediated liver cell death
... of DEVDase activity and of unsedimentable sulfite cytochrome c reductase taking place after aFas injection. The unsedimentable activity of β-galactosidase, a reference hydrolase of lysosomes, was estimated to see whether there is a possible rupture of the membranes of these organelles. As shown in F ...
... of DEVDase activity and of unsedimentable sulfite cytochrome c reductase taking place after aFas injection. The unsedimentable activity of β-galactosidase, a reference hydrolase of lysosomes, was estimated to see whether there is a possible rupture of the membranes of these organelles. As shown in F ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics and the ER: The Plant Perspective
... Mitochondrial Dynamics and the ER: The Plant Perspective. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 3:78. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00078 ...
... Mitochondrial Dynamics and the ER: The Plant Perspective. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 3:78. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00078 ...
Tubular structures involved in movement of cowpea mosaic virus are
... tubular structures appeared to consist of a tubule enclosing virus-like particles, loosely enveloped by plasma membrane (Fig. 6b and c). In many cases the plasma membrane along the tubule was ruptured or even absent. The phenomenon observed in ultrathin sections, whereby two (or even more) tubules w ...
... tubular structures appeared to consist of a tubule enclosing virus-like particles, loosely enveloped by plasma membrane (Fig. 6b and c). In many cases the plasma membrane along the tubule was ruptured or even absent. The phenomenon observed in ultrathin sections, whereby two (or even more) tubules w ...
Decreased Lysosomal Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase I Fibroblasts
... the relative lack of metabolic and substructural complexity of these cells may limit their application to studies of subcellular structures, their membranes, and their related physiological functions. Cultured fibroblasts obtained from explants of human skin biopsies have proved to be a very useful ...
... the relative lack of metabolic and substructural complexity of these cells may limit their application to studies of subcellular structures, their membranes, and their related physiological functions. Cultured fibroblasts obtained from explants of human skin biopsies have proved to be a very useful ...
Ultrastructural studies of t /t mouse embryos
... Both homozygotes can be distinguished from their litter-mates as early as the 2-cell stage by the presence of nuclear lipid droplets and excessive cytoplasmic lipid. In addition, both homozygous mutant embryos often contain binucleate cells, especially in the later cleavage stages. Usually there is ...
... Both homozygotes can be distinguished from their litter-mates as early as the 2-cell stage by the presence of nuclear lipid droplets and excessive cytoplasmic lipid. In addition, both homozygous mutant embryos often contain binucleate cells, especially in the later cleavage stages. Usually there is ...
Ultrastructure of diaphragm from dystrophic α-sarcoglycan
... muscle fibres, we identified a discrete number of heterogeneous cells, large areas containing fields of irregularly arranged collagen fibrils (Fig. 2), split muscle fibre fragments and cell remnants. Some of the interstitial cells were identified as fibroblasts, leukocytes, lymphocytes, or mast cells, cell ...
... muscle fibres, we identified a discrete number of heterogeneous cells, large areas containing fields of irregularly arranged collagen fibrils (Fig. 2), split muscle fibre fragments and cell remnants. Some of the interstitial cells were identified as fibroblasts, leukocytes, lymphocytes, or mast cells, cell ...
Pollen Tube Growth Oscillations and Intracellular
... that it exhibited an oscillatory character, in which it moved forward, forming a platform structure, in advance of the increase in growth rate. As a leader, actin structure and activity might be part of the mechanism that initiates the surge in growth. If actin polymerization and activity are growth ...
... that it exhibited an oscillatory character, in which it moved forward, forming a platform structure, in advance of the increase in growth rate. As a leader, actin structure and activity might be part of the mechanism that initiates the surge in growth. If actin polymerization and activity are growth ...
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy
... membranes and dissociating it from Rho-GDI (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors), and also that in spite of its homogeneous distribution in the cell, constitutively active Rac selectively interacts with effectors at specific regions of the cell edge (Pozo et al., 2002) (Fig. 1). The onset and ...
... membranes and dissociating it from Rho-GDI (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors), and also that in spite of its homogeneous distribution in the cell, constitutively active Rac selectively interacts with effectors at specific regions of the cell edge (Pozo et al., 2002) (Fig. 1). The onset and ...
Implications for AIDS Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of
... In contrast to HIV-infected humans, naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs) very rarely progress to AIDS. Although the mechanisms underlying this disease resistance are unknown, a consistent feature of natural SIV infection is the absence of the generalized immune activation associated with HIV ...
... In contrast to HIV-infected humans, naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs) very rarely progress to AIDS. Although the mechanisms underlying this disease resistance are unknown, a consistent feature of natural SIV infection is the absence of the generalized immune activation associated with HIV ...
Gene Section KSR1 (kinase suppressor of ras 1)
... KSR1 is primarily recognized as a scaffold for the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. However, there are several published studies that sustain that KSR1 has catalytic activity. KSR1 is recognized as a pseudokinase, since mammalian KSR1 does not possess the lysine responsible for ATP orientation and hydrol ...
... KSR1 is primarily recognized as a scaffold for the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. However, there are several published studies that sustain that KSR1 has catalytic activity. KSR1 is recognized as a pseudokinase, since mammalian KSR1 does not possess the lysine responsible for ATP orientation and hydrol ...
Barriers to Foliar Penetration and Uptake of Herbicides
... across the lipid bilayer of plant membranes down their concentration gradient. The plasma membrane is not a barrier to their absorption, and uptake of these compounds is independent of pH. Many herbicides, including the triazine compounds, penetrate plant cell membranes by simple diffusion. Lipophil ...
... across the lipid bilayer of plant membranes down their concentration gradient. The plasma membrane is not a barrier to their absorption, and uptake of these compounds is independent of pH. Many herbicides, including the triazine compounds, penetrate plant cell membranes by simple diffusion. Lipophil ...
On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell
... been associated with a great level of diversification.19,20,25 In humans and mice, around twenty gene products that are homologues of the cell death repressor Ced-9 and its antagonist Egl-1 (the Bcl-2 family) have been identified, as well as more than ten homologues of the executioner Ced-3 (the cas ...
... been associated with a great level of diversification.19,20,25 In humans and mice, around twenty gene products that are homologues of the cell death repressor Ced-9 and its antagonist Egl-1 (the Bcl-2 family) have been identified, as well as more than ten homologues of the executioner Ced-3 (the cas ...
Polarization of the endomembrane system is an early event in fucoid
... for exocytosis, transporting vesicles and spatially restricting the site of endocytosis [1,3,5,10]. We are interested in the processes that establish polarity in tip-growing cells and this study focuses on formation and maintenance of a polarized endomembrane array in Silvetia zygotes. Zygotes of fu ...
... for exocytosis, transporting vesicles and spatially restricting the site of endocytosis [1,3,5,10]. We are interested in the processes that establish polarity in tip-growing cells and this study focuses on formation and maintenance of a polarized endomembrane array in Silvetia zygotes. Zygotes of fu ...
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... Histochemical localization of cholinesterase activity in developing limb From stage-16H.H. embryos, cholinesterase activity is localized in the whole ectodermal layer, mainly in the dorsal side of the limb (Fig. 1). The positive reaction is found in most of the ectodermal cells, either in the outer ...
... Histochemical localization of cholinesterase activity in developing limb From stage-16H.H. embryos, cholinesterase activity is localized in the whole ectodermal layer, mainly in the dorsal side of the limb (Fig. 1). The positive reaction is found in most of the ectodermal cells, either in the outer ...
Negative Regulation of Rho Signaling by Insulin and Its
... Analysis of RhoA activation by glutathione S-transferase-RhotekinRho binding domain pull down assay. [32P]-labeled VSMCs were exposed to various agonists as detailed in Fig. 1. Cells were solubilized and equal amounts of precleared lysate proteins (250 g) were incubated with 25 g (40 l) of the Rh ...
... Analysis of RhoA activation by glutathione S-transferase-RhotekinRho binding domain pull down assay. [32P]-labeled VSMCs were exposed to various agonists as detailed in Fig. 1. Cells were solubilized and equal amounts of precleared lysate proteins (250 g) were incubated with 25 g (40 l) of the Rh ...
Guanine Nucleotides Modulate the Effects of Brefeldin A in
... Goud et al., 1990; Chavrier et al., 1990). It has been proposed that these proteins control the many cyclic processes that must be required for the repetitive events of vectorial transport (Bourne, 1988). Exactly where in this complex process they act, however, has not been established. To examine t ...
... Goud et al., 1990; Chavrier et al., 1990). It has been proposed that these proteins control the many cyclic processes that must be required for the repetitive events of vectorial transport (Bourne, 1988). Exactly where in this complex process they act, however, has not been established. To examine t ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.