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... The term antioxidant was originally utilized to refer specifically to a chemical product that prevented the consumption of oxygen (Burneo, 2009); thus, antioxidants are defined as molecules whose function is to delay or prevent the oxygenation of other molecules. The importance of antioxidants lies ...
... The term antioxidant was originally utilized to refer specifically to a chemical product that prevented the consumption of oxygen (Burneo, 2009); thus, antioxidants are defined as molecules whose function is to delay or prevent the oxygenation of other molecules. The importance of antioxidants lies ...
v(d)j recombination: rag proteins, repair factors, and
... cells of the immune system to assemble immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes from the preexisting gene segments. Because there is a large choice of segments to join, this process accounts for much of the diversity of the immune response. Recombination is initiated by the lymphoid-specific RAG1 an ...
... cells of the immune system to assemble immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes from the preexisting gene segments. Because there is a large choice of segments to join, this process accounts for much of the diversity of the immune response. Recombination is initiated by the lymphoid-specific RAG1 an ...
AP Biology Unit 3 Introductory PP
... • Protobionts are aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure • Experiments demonstrate that protobionts could have formed spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compounds • For example, small membrane-bounded droplets called liposomes ca ...
... • Protobionts are aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure • Experiments demonstrate that protobionts could have formed spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compounds • For example, small membrane-bounded droplets called liposomes ca ...
Condensin II Promotes the Formation of Chromosome Territories by
... The molecular mechanisms that control chromosome organization are poorly understood; however, it is clear that Condensin complexes play a central role. In Drosophila, there are believed to be two distinct Condensin Complexes. The SMC2/SMC4 heterodimer is common to both Condensin I and Condensin II. ...
... The molecular mechanisms that control chromosome organization are poorly understood; however, it is clear that Condensin complexes play a central role. In Drosophila, there are believed to be two distinct Condensin Complexes. The SMC2/SMC4 heterodimer is common to both Condensin I and Condensin II. ...
Light Control of Plasma Membrane Recruitment Using
... tubes in a table top microcentrifuge (Eppendorf Centrifuge model 5415D or similar) at 4 ! C for 1 h. After centrifugation, discard all but 100 mL or so of the supernatant, and pool together the “invisible” pellets for infection. ...
... tubes in a table top microcentrifuge (Eppendorf Centrifuge model 5415D or similar) at 4 ! C for 1 h. After centrifugation, discard all but 100 mL or so of the supernatant, and pool together the “invisible” pellets for infection. ...
Effects of intestinal adaptation on insulin binding to villus cell
... increased up to 55 % (p < 0O005), and fasting plasma insulin increased 71 % (p = 0005), compared with controls. Insulin binding to villus cell membranes, and sucrase and alkaline phosphatase activities were, however, unchanged. In ileum of bypass operated rats, villus height increased 134 % (p < 0O0 ...
... increased up to 55 % (p < 0O005), and fasting plasma insulin increased 71 % (p = 0005), compared with controls. Insulin binding to villus cell membranes, and sucrase and alkaline phosphatase activities were, however, unchanged. In ileum of bypass operated rats, villus height increased 134 % (p < 0O0 ...
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Mitogen
... complexity of the signaling pathways and biological responses that the MKPs are involved with strongly suggest that these enzymes serve as central players in the regulation of the MAPKs. Therefore, the MKPs, which have the capacity to regulate multiple MAPKs simultaneously, represent a critical sign ...
... complexity of the signaling pathways and biological responses that the MKPs are involved with strongly suggest that these enzymes serve as central players in the regulation of the MAPKs. Therefore, the MKPs, which have the capacity to regulate multiple MAPKs simultaneously, represent a critical sign ...
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... Epstein-‐Barr virus (EBV) can also induce B cell activation by mimicking T cell help through its main oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-‐1). It is regulated by another EBV-‐encoded protein, EBV ...
... Epstein-‐Barr virus (EBV) can also induce B cell activation by mimicking T cell help through its main oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-‐1). It is regulated by another EBV-‐encoded protein, EBV ...
SOMBRERO, BEARSKIN1, and BEARSKIN2 Regulate Root Cap
... layers. In the smb-3 mutant, there therefore seems to be a failure of the maturing LRC cells to cease dividing and complete maturation by the time they occupy the usual position of the mature LRC cell file. Furthermore, the cells previously in the mature position in smb-3 fail to detach from the roo ...
... layers. In the smb-3 mutant, there therefore seems to be a failure of the maturing LRC cells to cease dividing and complete maturation by the time they occupy the usual position of the mature LRC cell file. Furthermore, the cells previously in the mature position in smb-3 fail to detach from the roo ...
Experimental conditions affect the site of tetrazolium
... can help to enumerate microbial colonies in solid culture media, and to detect microbial contamination in food (Beloti et al., 1999). These salts have also been used as indicators of cell surface redox potential (Sollod et al., 1992) and extracellular redox activity (Griebe et al., 1997). Tetrazoliu ...
... can help to enumerate microbial colonies in solid culture media, and to detect microbial contamination in food (Beloti et al., 1999). These salts have also been used as indicators of cell surface redox potential (Sollod et al., 1992) and extracellular redox activity (Griebe et al., 1997). Tetrazoliu ...
The variability of autophagy and cell death susceptibility
... however, specific organelles can be surrounded with the help of recognition proteins such as SQSTM1/p62 during selective autophagy.4 Subsequent docking and fusion with lysosomes occurs with the formation of an autolysosome, a process first proposed by de Duve and Wattiaux.5 Exposed to lysosomal hydr ...
... however, specific organelles can be surrounded with the help of recognition proteins such as SQSTM1/p62 during selective autophagy.4 Subsequent docking and fusion with lysosomes occurs with the formation of an autolysosome, a process first proposed by de Duve and Wattiaux.5 Exposed to lysosomal hydr ...
Eph receptor signaling in C. elegans
... The MSP domain is an evolutionarily conserved ~120 amino acid immunoglobulin-like fold found in an array of proteins (Tarr and Scott, 2005; Han et al., 2010). The VAPs (VAMP/synaptobrevin-associated proteins) are the ancestral family from which MSP domain-containing proteins derive. VAPs are type II ...
... The MSP domain is an evolutionarily conserved ~120 amino acid immunoglobulin-like fold found in an array of proteins (Tarr and Scott, 2005; Han et al., 2010). The VAPs (VAMP/synaptobrevin-associated proteins) are the ancestral family from which MSP domain-containing proteins derive. VAPs are type II ...
MICROSCOPIC AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES ON
... 1.1.5. Biogenesis of microvesicles Another type of extracellular vesicles are microvesicles. Microvesicles form via direct budding from cell membrane (Figure 2). Microvesicles are also called as ectosomes (Stein and Luzio. 1991) and microparticles (Mackman. 2009) in literature. Recognition between e ...
... 1.1.5. Biogenesis of microvesicles Another type of extracellular vesicles are microvesicles. Microvesicles form via direct budding from cell membrane (Figure 2). Microvesicles are also called as ectosomes (Stein and Luzio. 1991) and microparticles (Mackman. 2009) in literature. Recognition between e ...
Osmotic Water Permeability of Isolated Protoplasts. Modifications
... cell dimensions, induced by an osmoticum change in the external medium. Measurements of Pos by standard light microscopy have been performed on epidermal cells (Url, 1971; Stadelmann and Lee-Stadelmann, 1989) and more recently on mouse oocytes (Gao et al., 1994, 1996). When individual cells cannot b ...
... cell dimensions, induced by an osmoticum change in the external medium. Measurements of Pos by standard light microscopy have been performed on epidermal cells (Url, 1971; Stadelmann and Lee-Stadelmann, 1989) and more recently on mouse oocytes (Gao et al., 1994, 1996). When individual cells cannot b ...
Cell fate specification and maintenance in the female gametophyte
... whole embryos from different stages has been reported from several studies by using different methods (Le et al., 2010; Xiang et al., 2011; Belmonte et al., 2013). Nevertheless, the analysis of transcriptional programs in the apical and basal cell lineages at earlier stages of embryogenesis, which w ...
... whole embryos from different stages has been reported from several studies by using different methods (Le et al., 2010; Xiang et al., 2011; Belmonte et al., 2013). Nevertheless, the analysis of transcriptional programs in the apical and basal cell lineages at earlier stages of embryogenesis, which w ...
Synaptic vesicles really do kiss and run
... from 20% to 6%. After inhibition of protein kinase C, reducing the number of releasable vesicles, the total number of exocytotic events per stimulus was decreased by 82%, but amperometric traces showed a relative increase from 20% to 40% in the number of complex events. Thus complex events appear to ...
... from 20% to 6%. After inhibition of protein kinase C, reducing the number of releasable vesicles, the total number of exocytotic events per stimulus was decreased by 82%, but amperometric traces showed a relative increase from 20% to 40% in the number of complex events. Thus complex events appear to ...
unravelling the therapeutic potential of transmembrane peptides
... these obstacles a “divide and conquer approach” was proposed in which a complex, multi span membrane protein is broken down into its TM components, easier to produce and to analyze5. The approach draws its justification from the well accepted “two stage model of m ...
... these obstacles a “divide and conquer approach” was proposed in which a complex, multi span membrane protein is broken down into its TM components, easier to produce and to analyze5. The approach draws its justification from the well accepted “two stage model of m ...
siRNA-27 - OriGene
... design algorithm that integrates both traditional 21-mer siRNA design rules as well as new 27-mer design criteria. In addition, analysis was performed to ensure that the chosen sites do not target alternatively spliced exons and also do not include known SNPs; these sequences are therefore optimized ...
... design algorithm that integrates both traditional 21-mer siRNA design rules as well as new 27-mer design criteria. In addition, analysis was performed to ensure that the chosen sites do not target alternatively spliced exons and also do not include known SNPs; these sequences are therefore optimized ...
arc6, an extreme chloroplast division mutant of Arabidopsis also
... to the ellipsoidal wild-type proplastids the profiles of arc6 proplastids in the three layers of the apical meristem are highly variable in size and shape (Fig. 2A,C) and the electron micrographs reveal that the arc6 mutation has had a radical effect on proplastid morphology in cells throughout the ...
... to the ellipsoidal wild-type proplastids the profiles of arc6 proplastids in the three layers of the apical meristem are highly variable in size and shape (Fig. 2A,C) and the electron micrographs reveal that the arc6 mutation has had a radical effect on proplastid morphology in cells throughout the ...
Neural Activity in Primary Motor Cortex Related to Mechanical Loads
... the mechanical load was applied directly to the upper arm and forearm, and not through the hand. Five repeat trials of each load condition were presented in a pseudo-random block design. Data analyses were based on the mean discharge of the cell for the last 2 seconds of each trial. We used conventi ...
... the mechanical load was applied directly to the upper arm and forearm, and not through the hand. Five repeat trials of each load condition were presented in a pseudo-random block design. Data analyses were based on the mean discharge of the cell for the last 2 seconds of each trial. We used conventi ...
ii. synthetic analogues to target the membrane ci-m6pr - HAL
... hydroxyphosphonate isosteric analogues 3 can not bind to CI-M6PR [48]. This means that the replacement of the phosphomonoester linkage by a methylene group does not affect the recognition phenomenon [47] but, further substitutions at the 6-position decrease the ligand-receptor interaction, probably ...
... hydroxyphosphonate isosteric analogues 3 can not bind to CI-M6PR [48]. This means that the replacement of the phosphomonoester linkage by a methylene group does not affect the recognition phenomenon [47] but, further substitutions at the 6-position decrease the ligand-receptor interaction, probably ...
Paraquat: An Oxidative Stress Inducer
... Reactive oxygen species also have different reactivities. Hydrogen peroxide (Eo 1.77 V), not a highly reactive ROS per se, mainly oxidizes thiol groups, in presence of transition metal ions it catalyzes .OH generation by Fenton reaction. Superoxide radical (Eo -0.33V) oxidizes ascorbate and NADPH, r ...
... Reactive oxygen species also have different reactivities. Hydrogen peroxide (Eo 1.77 V), not a highly reactive ROS per se, mainly oxidizes thiol groups, in presence of transition metal ions it catalyzes .OH generation by Fenton reaction. Superoxide radical (Eo -0.33V) oxidizes ascorbate and NADPH, r ...
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction
... When mycorrhizal roots were inoculated with P. parasitica, the length of necrotic root and the number of pathogen hyphae were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced, by 79.2 and 88.5%, respectively, compared with nonmycorrhizal roots. P. parasitica development in mycorrhizal tissues was uniquely intercell ...
... When mycorrhizal roots were inoculated with P. parasitica, the length of necrotic root and the number of pathogen hyphae were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced, by 79.2 and 88.5%, respectively, compared with nonmycorrhizal roots. P. parasitica development in mycorrhizal tissues was uniquely intercell ...
the effect of proteolytic digestion products on multiplication and
... by examination of each culture under the microscope. A permanent record was obtained by photographing the colonies from many experiments. I t is not possible by this means to measure small differences in the rates of multiplication, since the cells are ameboid and migrate over a large area. The tech ...
... by examination of each culture under the microscope. A permanent record was obtained by photographing the colonies from many experiments. I t is not possible by this means to measure small differences in the rates of multiplication, since the cells are ameboid and migrate over a large area. The tech ...
NH3/N2/CO2 I I |-|2
... readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the above cell is readily adaptable to a continuous ?oW cell con ...
... readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the above cell is readily adaptable to a continuous ?oW cell con ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.