Regulatory Mechanisms for Specification and Patterning of Plant
... The Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology is online at cellbio.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100109-104107 c 2010 by Annual Reviews. Copyright All rights reserved ...
... The Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology is online at cellbio.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100109-104107 c 2010 by Annual Reviews. Copyright All rights reserved ...
Role of cryo-ET in membrane bioenergetics research
... Subtomogram averaging is a technique which can both identify known proteins and determine previously unknown protein structures within tomograms [14,16–18,40] (Figure 2E). Individual subvolumes containing the protein of interest are extracted from the tomogram, aligned with each other and averaged t ...
... Subtomogram averaging is a technique which can both identify known proteins and determine previously unknown protein structures within tomograms [14,16–18,40] (Figure 2E). Individual subvolumes containing the protein of interest are extracted from the tomogram, aligned with each other and averaged t ...
Nestin Is Required for the Proper SelfRenewal of Neural Stem Cells
... proteins [8, 9]. The inability of nestin to polymerize by itself is presumably due to a very short N-terminal ‘‘head’’ domain that, in other IF proteins, is essential for filament assembly. Nestin is depolymerized during mitosis and is reincorporated into the IF network in G1 phase. The depolymerizat ...
... proteins [8, 9]. The inability of nestin to polymerize by itself is presumably due to a very short N-terminal ‘‘head’’ domain that, in other IF proteins, is essential for filament assembly. Nestin is depolymerized during mitosis and is reincorporated into the IF network in G1 phase. The depolymerizat ...
Exocytosis Precedes and Predicts the Increase in
... Figure 1. Wall Thickness Changes during Oscillatory Growth in Lily Pollen Tubes. (A) Two images of the same tube, but at different times, using DIC optics. The top image shows the wall at its thickest state, while the bottom image shows the wall at its thinnest state. DIC generates contrast where th ...
... Figure 1. Wall Thickness Changes during Oscillatory Growth in Lily Pollen Tubes. (A) Two images of the same tube, but at different times, using DIC optics. The top image shows the wall at its thickest state, while the bottom image shows the wall at its thinnest state. DIC generates contrast where th ...
In vivo assays to study histone ubiquitylation
... ubiquitylated H2A or H2B (uH2A or uH2B) appear similar in many parameters to nucleosomes containing unmodified histones [36]. Because ubiquitin is a bulky moiety, it has been postulated that its attachment to histones could disrupt chromatin folding [35,37]. This argument tends to be supported by the ...
... ubiquitylated H2A or H2B (uH2A or uH2B) appear similar in many parameters to nucleosomes containing unmodified histones [36]. Because ubiquitin is a bulky moiety, it has been postulated that its attachment to histones could disrupt chromatin folding [35,37]. This argument tends to be supported by the ...
Print
... Although only a few dozen such substrates have been identified (110), in vitro studies suggest that the number of cellular caspase substrates may ultimately prove to be much larger, perhaps several hundred to one thousand (Z. Li, L. Zhong, and D. Bredesen, unpublished results). In any case, however, ...
... Although only a few dozen such substrates have been identified (110), in vitro studies suggest that the number of cellular caspase substrates may ultimately prove to be much larger, perhaps several hundred to one thousand (Z. Li, L. Zhong, and D. Bredesen, unpublished results). In any case, however, ...
The proPO and clotting system in crustaceans
... both b-1,3-glucans and LPS and both molecules have been shown to be involved in the activation of the proPO system. In shrimp, a 175-kDa LPS-binding protein from the hemolymph of P. californiensis was isolated, but its function in immunity is still unclear ŽVargas-Albores et al., 1993b.. Peptidoglyc ...
... both b-1,3-glucans and LPS and both molecules have been shown to be involved in the activation of the proPO system. In shrimp, a 175-kDa LPS-binding protein from the hemolymph of P. californiensis was isolated, but its function in immunity is still unclear ŽVargas-Albores et al., 1993b.. Peptidoglyc ...
immunodetection of arabinogalactan proteins in different types of
... Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a diverse class of highly glycosylated plant cell surface proteoglycans. The protein backbone, rich in hydroxyproline, serine and threonine, makes up only 1–10% of the mass of the whole molecule. The glycan components consist of β(1→3)-linked galactan backbones wi ...
... Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a diverse class of highly glycosylated plant cell surface proteoglycans. The protein backbone, rich in hydroxyproline, serine and threonine, makes up only 1–10% of the mass of the whole molecule. The glycan components consist of β(1→3)-linked galactan backbones wi ...
Cellular and Subcellular Localization of Peroxidase
... albus [5, 6]. If the extracellular localization of acidic peroxidase isoenzymes is common in plants, in there a correlation with biological functions? There is evi dence that several acidic peroxidase isoenzymes are part of the active defence system in plants: 1) Acidic peroxidases in tobacco plant ...
... albus [5, 6]. If the extracellular localization of acidic peroxidase isoenzymes is common in plants, in there a correlation with biological functions? There is evi dence that several acidic peroxidase isoenzymes are part of the active defence system in plants: 1) Acidic peroxidases in tobacco plant ...
Assembly of the Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll Antenna in the Green
... type and a truncated light-harvesting Chl antenna size for both photosystems (Polle et al., 2003). TLA1 is highly conserved among eukaryotes and is thought to help define the size and number of organelles in the cell by an as-yet-unknown mechanism (Tetali et al., 2007; Mitra and Melis, 2010). The pr ...
... type and a truncated light-harvesting Chl antenna size for both photosystems (Polle et al., 2003). TLA1 is highly conserved among eukaryotes and is thought to help define the size and number of organelles in the cell by an as-yet-unknown mechanism (Tetali et al., 2007; Mitra and Melis, 2010). The pr ...
RNA polymerase III component Rpc9 regulates
... workload in yeast (Warner, 1999), suggesting that Pol III activity should also be tightly regulated during cell growth (Geiduschek and Kassavetis, 2001) in various environments, including nutrition availability (Boguta and Graczyk, 2011; Marshall et al., 2012). In fact, the activity of Pol III is we ...
... workload in yeast (Warner, 1999), suggesting that Pol III activity should also be tightly regulated during cell growth (Geiduschek and Kassavetis, 2001) in various environments, including nutrition availability (Boguta and Graczyk, 2011; Marshall et al., 2012). In fact, the activity of Pol III is we ...
STUDENTS` MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT CELL BIOLOGY AND
... understanding biological sciences and they adversely affect subsequent learning. Recent studies on students‟ conceptual understanding of fundamental concepts in life science have indicated that new concepts can hardly be learned unless the existing misconception is corrected or students are made to ...
... understanding biological sciences and they adversely affect subsequent learning. Recent studies on students‟ conceptual understanding of fundamental concepts in life science have indicated that new concepts can hardly be learned unless the existing misconception is corrected or students are made to ...
Exocytosis Precedes and Predicts the Increase in Growth in
... Figure 1. Wall Thickness Changes during Oscillatory Growth in Lily Pollen Tubes. (A) Two images of the same tube, but at different times, using DIC optics. The top image shows the wall at its thickest state, while the bottom image shows the wall at its thinnest state. DIC generates contrast where th ...
... Figure 1. Wall Thickness Changes during Oscillatory Growth in Lily Pollen Tubes. (A) Two images of the same tube, but at different times, using DIC optics. The top image shows the wall at its thickest state, while the bottom image shows the wall at its thinnest state. DIC generates contrast where th ...
2015 – PKc-theta is a novel sc35 splicing factor regulator in
... Alternative splicing of nuclear pre-mRNA is essential for generating protein diversity and regulating gene expression. While many immunologically relevant genes undergo alternative splicing, the role of regulated splicing in T cell immune responses is largely unexplored, and the signaling pathways a ...
... Alternative splicing of nuclear pre-mRNA is essential for generating protein diversity and regulating gene expression. While many immunologically relevant genes undergo alternative splicing, the role of regulated splicing in T cell immune responses is largely unexplored, and the signaling pathways a ...
Development of bacterial oxidative stress assays
... Quercetin has been shown to chelate metal ions to form active complexes (Tan et al 2009). However, the inhibition of Cu,Zn-SOD is not due to the sequestering of metal ions from the active site of the enzyme but rather the structure of the flavonol B ring. The IC50 of quercetin for the inhibition of ...
... Quercetin has been shown to chelate metal ions to form active complexes (Tan et al 2009). However, the inhibition of Cu,Zn-SOD is not due to the sequestering of metal ions from the active site of the enzyme but rather the structure of the flavonol B ring. The IC50 of quercetin for the inhibition of ...
Characterization of Citrate Transport through the Plasma Membrane
... The rate of organic acid excretion from plant roots is controlled by organic acid productivity and the transport level at the plasma membrane (Neumann et al. 1999). As we reported previously, IPG cells continuously release citrate into an Alphosphate medium for at least 10 d after inoculation (Koyam ...
... The rate of organic acid excretion from plant roots is controlled by organic acid productivity and the transport level at the plasma membrane (Neumann et al. 1999). As we reported previously, IPG cells continuously release citrate into an Alphosphate medium for at least 10 d after inoculation (Koyam ...
Phosphorylation of Beclin 1 by DAP
... in silico the amino acids in Bcl-XL that form the binding pocket of T119 to the corresponding residues in Bcl-2 (Fig. 1). We found that these residues are conserved in Bcl-2, except for the solventexposed A104 in Bcl-XL, which is replaced by the acidic D108 in Bcl-2. Therefore, the T119 binding pock ...
... in silico the amino acids in Bcl-XL that form the binding pocket of T119 to the corresponding residues in Bcl-2 (Fig. 1). We found that these residues are conserved in Bcl-2, except for the solventexposed A104 in Bcl-XL, which is replaced by the acidic D108 in Bcl-2. Therefore, the T119 binding pock ...
Role of E-cadherin and other cell adhesion molecules in survival
... molecular structure and the binding sites of E-cadherin and its connection with actin cytoskeleton. The extracellular region of E-cadherin consists of five cadherin-type repeats (extracellular cadherin domains) that are bound together by Ca2+ ions. The cytoplasmic tails of E-cadherin bind to p120-ca ...
... molecular structure and the binding sites of E-cadherin and its connection with actin cytoskeleton. The extracellular region of E-cadherin consists of five cadherin-type repeats (extracellular cadherin domains) that are bound together by Ca2+ ions. The cytoplasmic tails of E-cadherin bind to p120-ca ...
Cellular damage induced by cadmium and
... vacuolar sequestration of fluorescent conjugate, which could undergo quenching of the fluorescence signal. To monitor cell death, PI was added as a counter-stain to a final concentration of 25 lM. PI marks the condensed nuclei of dead cells when it permeates damaged plasmalemma, and also labels the ...
... vacuolar sequestration of fluorescent conjugate, which could undergo quenching of the fluorescence signal. To monitor cell death, PI was added as a counter-stain to a final concentration of 25 lM. PI marks the condensed nuclei of dead cells when it permeates damaged plasmalemma, and also labels the ...
Involvement of the Sieve Element Cytoskeleton in
... 1987). Because the impalement of microcapillaries into intact SEs triggered sieve plate occlusion (Knoblauch and van Bel, 1998), actin-associated fluorescence remained restricted to one SE. Since SEs were seldom in the plane of focus over their entire length, smaller regions along the SE were scanned ...
... 1987). Because the impalement of microcapillaries into intact SEs triggered sieve plate occlusion (Knoblauch and van Bel, 1998), actin-associated fluorescence remained restricted to one SE. Since SEs were seldom in the plane of focus over their entire length, smaller regions along the SE were scanned ...
The Golgi-Localized Arabidopsis Endomembrane
... signals are found to reside on the cytosolic regions of transmembrane proteins that interact with COPII vesicles (Barlowe, 2003). Similarly, the dilysine motif, KKXX, is one of the best known sorting signals required for retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of several type I membrane proteins that inter ...
... signals are found to reside on the cytosolic regions of transmembrane proteins that interact with COPII vesicles (Barlowe, 2003). Similarly, the dilysine motif, KKXX, is one of the best known sorting signals required for retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of several type I membrane proteins that inter ...
Membrane Bistability in Olfactory Bulb Mitral Cells
... “downstate.” Voltage oscillations and action potentials did not occur in the downstate. The difference between upstate and downstate potentials was 10.5 ⫾ 0.4 mV (range, 6 –18 mV). Bistable mitral cells spontaneously alternated between the downstate and the upstate. The depolarizing transition from ...
... “downstate.” Voltage oscillations and action potentials did not occur in the downstate. The difference between upstate and downstate potentials was 10.5 ⫾ 0.4 mV (range, 6 –18 mV). Bistable mitral cells spontaneously alternated between the downstate and the upstate. The depolarizing transition from ...
The role of cytosolic proteins in the insertion of tail
... reticulum (ER) membrane by a co-translational mechanism, which begins with the association of signal recognition particle (SRP) to a hydrophobic sequence within the nascent polypeptide chain. This is followed by binding of the ribosome–nascent-chain–SRP complex to the SRP receptor on the ER membrane ...
... reticulum (ER) membrane by a co-translational mechanism, which begins with the association of signal recognition particle (SRP) to a hydrophobic sequence within the nascent polypeptide chain. This is followed by binding of the ribosome–nascent-chain–SRP complex to the SRP receptor on the ER membrane ...
comparative study of extracellular fibrils on the ectodermal layer in
... urodele embryos. There are almost no fibrils mR.pipiens gastrulae. Karfunkel (1977) observed similar fibrils in the flank region of neurulae of several different species. He also observed that there are many fewer fibrils in R. palustris embryos than in A. maculatum embryos. Johnson, Silver & Kelley ...
... urodele embryos. There are almost no fibrils mR.pipiens gastrulae. Karfunkel (1977) observed similar fibrils in the flank region of neurulae of several different species. He also observed that there are many fewer fibrils in R. palustris embryos than in A. maculatum embryos. Johnson, Silver & Kelley ...
Lipids as hormones and second messengers
... hydrophobic to be membrane bound [9]; for this reason, a fairly close and specific interaction between PKC and the glycerol moiety has been depicted in Fig. 3. The major structural requirements for PS binding to PKC appears to be the L-serine headgroup as other naturally occurring phospholipids, and ...
... hydrophobic to be membrane bound [9]; for this reason, a fairly close and specific interaction between PKC and the glycerol moiety has been depicted in Fig. 3. The major structural requirements for PS binding to PKC appears to be the L-serine headgroup as other naturally occurring phospholipids, and ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.