Gram Stain - American Proficiency Institute
... Common modifications of the classic Gram stain procedure involve variations in fixation method, reagents, and timing. Fixation, which attaches the specimen to the slide before staining, can be done with heat or methanol. In heat fixation, the slide is gently warmed so that all moisture evaporates fr ...
... Common modifications of the classic Gram stain procedure involve variations in fixation method, reagents, and timing. Fixation, which attaches the specimen to the slide before staining, can be done with heat or methanol. In heat fixation, the slide is gently warmed so that all moisture evaporates fr ...
The Drosophila centriole – conversion of
... Therefore, stem cells were at the beginning of interphase and the centriole pairs examined were inherited from the previous cell cycle. Mothers with doublets or mixed tubules were always associated with short procentrioles (Fig. 2F,G) and were found within the apical cytoplasm of the GSCs together w ...
... Therefore, stem cells were at the beginning of interphase and the centriole pairs examined were inherited from the previous cell cycle. Mothers with doublets or mixed tubules were always associated with short procentrioles (Fig. 2F,G) and were found within the apical cytoplasm of the GSCs together w ...
Hormones
... Glands Endocrine glands usually release their secretions (hormones) directly into the blood, which transports the secretions throughout the body. ...
... Glands Endocrine glands usually release their secretions (hormones) directly into the blood, which transports the secretions throughout the body. ...
6 December 2009
... the electronic device (Rseal ), and (iii) the intensity of the current generated by the neuron’s activity (Cohen et al. 2006, 2008). Although the intensity of the currents generated by propagating action potentials can be experimentally modulated by pharmacological manipulations or over-expression o ...
... the electronic device (Rseal ), and (iii) the intensity of the current generated by the neuron’s activity (Cohen et al. 2006, 2008). Although the intensity of the currents generated by propagating action potentials can be experimentally modulated by pharmacological manipulations or over-expression o ...
Mechanisms of vertebrate segmentation
... plate remains relatively constant, as more cells are added both by mitosis within the plate and by recruitment of cells at its posterior end. Even before overt segmentation, a metameric arrangement of segmental plate cells is visible with scanning electron microscopy (Meier, 1979), although the sign ...
... plate remains relatively constant, as more cells are added both by mitosis within the plate and by recruitment of cells at its posterior end. Even before overt segmentation, a metameric arrangement of segmental plate cells is visible with scanning electron microscopy (Meier, 1979), although the sign ...
Long-term live imaging provides new insight into stem cell
... These sophisticated interactions must ultimately be analyzed at the level of individual cells, but the size and complexity of many tissues makes this process extremely difficult. The Drosophila germarium, a germinal structure found at the anterior of each ovariole, is favorable for such studies beca ...
... These sophisticated interactions must ultimately be analyzed at the level of individual cells, but the size and complexity of many tissues makes this process extremely difficult. The Drosophila germarium, a germinal structure found at the anterior of each ovariole, is favorable for such studies beca ...
Distinct roles of doublecortin modulating the microtubule cytoskeleton.
... microtubules. Moores and co-workers therefore examined kinesin motion along doublecortinstabilised tracks and found, surprisingly, that doublecortin binding did not prevent walking by kinesin motors. This means that cellular transport can occur along doublecortin microtubules and, significantly, tha ...
... microtubules. Moores and co-workers therefore examined kinesin motion along doublecortinstabilised tracks and found, surprisingly, that doublecortin binding did not prevent walking by kinesin motors. This means that cellular transport can occur along doublecortin microtubules and, significantly, tha ...
The Organization Of The Plant Body
... within several hours after a Coleus stem is wounded, the parenchyma cells immediately around the wound start to divide. After two days or so some of these cells differentiate into xylem cells, which can transport water around the wound (Fig. 4.4). Transfer cells are modified parenchyma cells that ha ...
... within several hours after a Coleus stem is wounded, the parenchyma cells immediately around the wound start to divide. After two days or so some of these cells differentiate into xylem cells, which can transport water around the wound (Fig. 4.4). Transfer cells are modified parenchyma cells that ha ...
Functional analysis of cardiomyocytes carrying mutations in SCN5A
... calcium ions from intracellular stores (sarcoplasmic reticulum), binding of calcium to sarcomeric proteins and finally in cardiac muscle contraction. The most important ions, which take part in the action potential generation, are sodium, calcium and potassium. The rapid flow of sodium ions into the ...
... calcium ions from intracellular stores (sarcoplasmic reticulum), binding of calcium to sarcomeric proteins and finally in cardiac muscle contraction. The most important ions, which take part in the action potential generation, are sodium, calcium and potassium. The rapid flow of sodium ions into the ...
Apoptosis-inducing factor is involved in the regulation of caspase
... spectrum caspase inhibitor, Boc-aspartyl (OMe)-fluoromethylketone (BAF), to account for the possible involvement of Apaf1-independent pathways of caspase activation. In wild-type neurons, treatment with camptothecin resulted in a rapid loss of neuronal survival beginning at 12 h, and within 24 h, s ...
... spectrum caspase inhibitor, Boc-aspartyl (OMe)-fluoromethylketone (BAF), to account for the possible involvement of Apaf1-independent pathways of caspase activation. In wild-type neurons, treatment with camptothecin resulted in a rapid loss of neuronal survival beginning at 12 h, and within 24 h, s ...
The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how
... (Araki & Ito, 1989). However, in the ‘non-classical’ SCWPs this motif is repeated several times, thus constituting the entire glycan moiety of those SCWPs. Pyruvic-acid-containing SCWPs have also been reported for the S-layer carrying organisms Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 (Ilk et al., 1999) and Bac ...
... (Araki & Ito, 1989). However, in the ‘non-classical’ SCWPs this motif is repeated several times, thus constituting the entire glycan moiety of those SCWPs. Pyruvic-acid-containing SCWPs have also been reported for the S-layer carrying organisms Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 (Ilk et al., 1999) and Bac ...
Target or barrier? The cell wall of early- and later
... plants have evolved diverse mechanisms to respond to Cd contamination of their growth substrate. As for many compounds with detrimental effects on cellular metabolism, the toxicity of Cd is often alleviated through its sequestration to specific cellular compartments, such as vacuoles, or within spec ...
... plants have evolved diverse mechanisms to respond to Cd contamination of their growth substrate. As for many compounds with detrimental effects on cellular metabolism, the toxicity of Cd is often alleviated through its sequestration to specific cellular compartments, such as vacuoles, or within spec ...
The grass leaf developmental gradient as a platform for a
... a correspondingly small interveinal distance and cell number (Hattersley and Watson, 1975; Prendergast et al., 1987; Dengler and Nelson, 1999; Ueno et al., 2006; Muhaidat et al., 2007). The venation is the framework for Kranz anatomy (Hattersley, 1984; Dengler et al., 1994; Dengler and Nelson, 1999; ...
... a correspondingly small interveinal distance and cell number (Hattersley and Watson, 1975; Prendergast et al., 1987; Dengler and Nelson, 1999; Ueno et al., 2006; Muhaidat et al., 2007). The venation is the framework for Kranz anatomy (Hattersley, 1984; Dengler et al., 1994; Dengler and Nelson, 1999; ...
Review Convergent Extension - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
... “dorsal convergence” (Table 1), entails the directed migration of individual cells and small groups of cells toward the dorsal midline. This process does not require cell rearrangement; it is a migratory event (Figure 4). The second component, which does involve rearrangement, is mediolateral interc ...
... “dorsal convergence” (Table 1), entails the directed migration of individual cells and small groups of cells toward the dorsal midline. This process does not require cell rearrangement; it is a migratory event (Figure 4). The second component, which does involve rearrangement, is mediolateral interc ...
Full Text Article
... and identification of therapeutically important products. Actinomycetes are gram-positive bacteria with high guanine + cytosine content of over 55% in their DNA, which have been recognized as sources of several secondary metabolites, antibiotics, and bioactive compounds that affect microbial growth ...
... and identification of therapeutically important products. Actinomycetes are gram-positive bacteria with high guanine + cytosine content of over 55% in their DNA, which have been recognized as sources of several secondary metabolites, antibiotics, and bioactive compounds that affect microbial growth ...
Rewiring the retinal ganglion cell gene regulatory
... Math3, bHLH genes that are expressed in another RPC and are required to establish amacrine cell fate. In the absence of Math5, Math5Neurod1-KI was able to specify RGCs, activate RGC genes and restore the optic nerve, although not as effectively as Math5. By contrast, Math5Math3-KI was much less effe ...
... Math3, bHLH genes that are expressed in another RPC and are required to establish amacrine cell fate. In the absence of Math5, Math5Neurod1-KI was able to specify RGCs, activate RGC genes and restore the optic nerve, although not as effectively as Math5. By contrast, Math5Math3-KI was much less effe ...
Engagement of the inhibitory receptor CD158a
... receptors on the membrane redistribution events at the contact zone between CTL and RCC targets. FITC-CT-B labeled CTL were stimulated with HP or DM tumor targets and stained with anti-Ptyr mAbs (Ptyr-Cy5, red) after heteroconjugates fixation. Major differences between CTL/RCC-HP and CTL/RCC-DM conj ...
... receptors on the membrane redistribution events at the contact zone between CTL and RCC targets. FITC-CT-B labeled CTL were stimulated with HP or DM tumor targets and stained with anti-Ptyr mAbs (Ptyr-Cy5, red) after heteroconjugates fixation. Major differences between CTL/RCC-HP and CTL/RCC-DM conj ...
Epithelia and integration in sponges
... often said to lack a true epithelium. We assess the properties of epithelia, and review the history of studies on sponge epithelia, focusing on their homology to bilaterian epithelia, their ultrastructure, and on their ability to seal. Electron micrographs show that adherens-type junctions are prese ...
... often said to lack a true epithelium. We assess the properties of epithelia, and review the history of studies on sponge epithelia, focusing on their homology to bilaterian epithelia, their ultrastructure, and on their ability to seal. Electron micrographs show that adherens-type junctions are prese ...
Regulation of plasmodesmal transport by phosphorylation of
... spongy mesophyll cells of Nicotiana leaves (Waigmann et al., 1994; Kragler et al., 1998). Movement of 10 kDa dextran from the injected cell to other, non-injected cells was determined by ¯uorescence microscopy. Figure 3 and Table I show that 10 kDa dextran microinjected alone generally remained con® ...
... spongy mesophyll cells of Nicotiana leaves (Waigmann et al., 1994; Kragler et al., 1998). Movement of 10 kDa dextran from the injected cell to other, non-injected cells was determined by ¯uorescence microscopy. Figure 3 and Table I show that 10 kDa dextran microinjected alone generally remained con® ...
Plant hormone perception and action: a role for G-protein
... Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B (1998) 353, 1425^1430 ...
... Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B (1998) 353, 1425^1430 ...
i Characterization of Aurone X as a Potential Drug Candidate
... While treatments of cryptococcal infections exist, certain strains of Cn have demonstrated resistance to Flucytosine, Fluconazole, and Amp B. In addition, they account for failure or relapse during treatment of meningitis and cause major side effects (11). This confirms the need for further research ...
... While treatments of cryptococcal infections exist, certain strains of Cn have demonstrated resistance to Flucytosine, Fluconazole, and Amp B. In addition, they account for failure or relapse during treatment of meningitis and cause major side effects (11). This confirms the need for further research ...
Identification of a nuclear-localized nuclease from wheat cells
... caspases are known as initiators, whereas downstream caspases, which include caspase 3 and 7, are known as executioners because their activity leads to DNA degradation, chromatin condensation and nuclear membrane blebbing [7]. Caspases induce DNA degradation through the activation of nucleases known ...
... caspases are known as initiators, whereas downstream caspases, which include caspase 3 and 7, are known as executioners because their activity leads to DNA degradation, chromatin condensation and nuclear membrane blebbing [7]. Caspases induce DNA degradation through the activation of nucleases known ...
Naive T cell homeostasis: from awareness of space to a
... self-peptide–MHC molecule (limited at the level of selfpeptide–MHC expression or access) controls the size of the pool of T cells capable of interacting with this ligand. Recently, the striking effect of intraclonal competition on the survival of naive T cells was shown in a normal environment 25. T ...
... self-peptide–MHC molecule (limited at the level of selfpeptide–MHC expression or access) controls the size of the pool of T cells capable of interacting with this ligand. Recently, the striking effect of intraclonal competition on the survival of naive T cells was shown in a normal environment 25. T ...
Actin-based motility of endosomes is linked to the polar tip growth of
... In both yeast and mammals, endosomes recruit FYVE-domain proteins due to high levels of PI(3)P when the FYVE sequence acts as a PI(3)P-binding module (Gillooly et al., 2000; Jensen et al., 2001). This is mediated via specific recruitment of PI3Ks, supporting local production of PI(3)P to these membra ...
... In both yeast and mammals, endosomes recruit FYVE-domain proteins due to high levels of PI(3)P when the FYVE sequence acts as a PI(3)P-binding module (Gillooly et al., 2000; Jensen et al., 2001). This is mediated via specific recruitment of PI3Ks, supporting local production of PI(3)P to these membra ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.