1 Cell wall integrity controls root elongation via ACC Corresponding
... trichoblasts (Fig. 1b). To analyse more acute effects of cellulose biosynthesis inhibition, we used a simple proxy for the complex spatial variation of elongation rates along the root. The length of the first epidermal cell with a visible root hair bulge (LEH, Fig, 1C) (Le et al., 2001; De Cnodder e ...
... trichoblasts (Fig. 1b). To analyse more acute effects of cellulose biosynthesis inhibition, we used a simple proxy for the complex spatial variation of elongation rates along the root. The length of the first epidermal cell with a visible root hair bulge (LEH, Fig, 1C) (Le et al., 2001; De Cnodder e ...
Chapter 13: Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and
... -Enveloped animal viruses released via budding, where the mature virions are enveloped by some membrane (nuclear, endoplasmic, or plasma) as they are released from the cell. -Infected host cells that gradually release enveloped viruses are called persistent infections, host cell can live for a while ...
... -Enveloped animal viruses released via budding, where the mature virions are enveloped by some membrane (nuclear, endoplasmic, or plasma) as they are released from the cell. -Infected host cells that gradually release enveloped viruses are called persistent infections, host cell can live for a while ...
Actin branching in the initiation and maintenance of lamellipodia
... might be much lower than implied in the original model (Pollard & Borisy, 2003; Svitkina & Borisy, 1999), since only one branch is required per filament (Insall, 2011). To resolve this issue we generated a new series of tomograms of Rac-induced lamellipodia in which it was possible to track entire f ...
... might be much lower than implied in the original model (Pollard & Borisy, 2003; Svitkina & Borisy, 1999), since only one branch is required per filament (Insall, 2011). To resolve this issue we generated a new series of tomograms of Rac-induced lamellipodia in which it was possible to track entire f ...
Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)
... perform a sub-sternal dissection prior to dividing the sternum. In all cases no more than minimal retro-sternal adhesions were encountered. This facilitated a rapid and safe redosternotomy. In our experience the intra-pericardial adhesions varied significantly from patient to patient. In one case Co ...
... perform a sub-sternal dissection prior to dividing the sternum. In all cases no more than minimal retro-sternal adhesions were encountered. This facilitated a rapid and safe redosternotomy. In our experience the intra-pericardial adhesions varied significantly from patient to patient. In one case Co ...
Domain conservation in several volvocalean cell wall - UvA-DARE
... multiple H R G P s have been examined from a single species [46] or from two species in the same genus [36]. An important resource for this kind of evolutionary approach is the green algae, which also produce cell wall H R G P s [58] and whose lineage within the phylum and the plant kingdom has been ...
... multiple H R G P s have been examined from a single species [46] or from two species in the same genus [36]. An important resource for this kind of evolutionary approach is the green algae, which also produce cell wall H R G P s [58] and whose lineage within the phylum and the plant kingdom has been ...
Plant Cell
... Much of what is understood about mitosis in plants is based on extrapolation from how cell division functions in other systems, such as yeast (Scheres and Benfey, 1999). Identification of new genes that control this multicellular process in plants is hampered by the lack of a system in which cell di ...
... Much of what is understood about mitosis in plants is based on extrapolation from how cell division functions in other systems, such as yeast (Scheres and Benfey, 1999). Identification of new genes that control this multicellular process in plants is hampered by the lack of a system in which cell di ...
Shield formation at the onset of zebrafish gastrulation - MPI
... endodermal progenitor cells within the forming epiblast and hypoblast at the onset of gastrulation (60% epiboly), we determined the expression domains of marker genes delineating those different progenitor populations. Within dorsal/axial regions of the germ ring that give rise to the embryonic orga ...
... endodermal progenitor cells within the forming epiblast and hypoblast at the onset of gastrulation (60% epiboly), we determined the expression domains of marker genes delineating those different progenitor populations. Within dorsal/axial regions of the germ ring that give rise to the embryonic orga ...
Shield formation at the onset of zebrafish gastrulation
... endodermal progenitor cells within the forming epiblast and hypoblast at the onset of gastrulation (60% epiboly), we determined the expression domains of marker genes delineating those different progenitor populations. Within dorsal/axial regions of the germ ring that give rise to the embryonic orga ...
... endodermal progenitor cells within the forming epiblast and hypoblast at the onset of gastrulation (60% epiboly), we determined the expression domains of marker genes delineating those different progenitor populations. Within dorsal/axial regions of the germ ring that give rise to the embryonic orga ...
Document
... Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 30) Which of the following statements concerning the endosymbiotic theory is FALSE? A) Eukaryotes were formed from the union of small anaerobic cells by larger aerobic cells. B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can divide independently of the cel ...
... Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 30) Which of the following statements concerning the endosymbiotic theory is FALSE? A) Eukaryotes were formed from the union of small anaerobic cells by larger aerobic cells. B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can divide independently of the cel ...
High-throughput screens for fluorescent dye discovery
... staining techniques for fluorescence microscopy because of its versatility: fairly specific antibodies can be developed for most proteins. If enough is known about a biological pathway, an investigator can readily create antibodies to proteins known to be expressed differently in the cellular compar ...
... staining techniques for fluorescence microscopy because of its versatility: fairly specific antibodies can be developed for most proteins. If enough is known about a biological pathway, an investigator can readily create antibodies to proteins known to be expressed differently in the cellular compar ...
Secondary embryonic axis formation by
... developed into rounded cell masses that failed to exhibit any sign of axial development (Fig. 2B); this phenotype was essentially the same as that obtained in Penners’ experiment (Penners, 1926). When the 4D cell (the largest cell of the 22-cell embryo) was ablated, the embryos developed normally (n ...
... developed into rounded cell masses that failed to exhibit any sign of axial development (Fig. 2B); this phenotype was essentially the same as that obtained in Penners’ experiment (Penners, 1926). When the 4D cell (the largest cell of the 22-cell embryo) was ablated, the embryos developed normally (n ...
Gozo, Malta - Gozo College Boys` Secondary School
... c) A cat ran away when a dog came chasing after it. ________________________ d) When going fishing, one must stay quiet because fish will get scared off if they sense the person. ____________________________ e) Although we can swim under water, we have to come up to get oxygen for the release of ene ...
... c) A cat ran away when a dog came chasing after it. ________________________ d) When going fishing, one must stay quiet because fish will get scared off if they sense the person. ____________________________ e) Although we can swim under water, we have to come up to get oxygen for the release of ene ...
binding domains demonstrated in a plant split
... or pea Toc33 (designated psToc34) and Toc159 are purified as soluble recombinant proteins from bacteria, they exist in a concentration-dependent equilibrium between the monomeric and dimeric state (Reddick et al., 2007; Yeh et al., 2007). This observation and the crystal structures available for Ara ...
... or pea Toc33 (designated psToc34) and Toc159 are purified as soluble recombinant proteins from bacteria, they exist in a concentration-dependent equilibrium between the monomeric and dimeric state (Reddick et al., 2007; Yeh et al., 2007). This observation and the crystal structures available for Ara ...
... 50-fold excess of PrPSc over PrPC and incubation of mixed PrPC and PrPSc for at least 2 days (3). These differences may be quantitative rather than qualitative and may be related to the in vivo properties of these prions. Yeast are rapidly dividing unicellular organisms, and the stable inheritance o ...
The role of Pex3p in early events of peroxisome biogenesis in
... In Yarrowia lipolytica several observations were made that point to an ER peroxisome assembly relationship. In this organism N-linked core glycosylation of the peroxins Pex2p and Pex16p was observed. This finding suggests that these peroxins have been in contact with the ER lumen during some stage o ...
... In Yarrowia lipolytica several observations were made that point to an ER peroxisome assembly relationship. In this organism N-linked core glycosylation of the peroxins Pex2p and Pex16p was observed. This finding suggests that these peroxins have been in contact with the ER lumen during some stage o ...
Developmental plasticity, cell fate specification and morphogenesis
... and ICM identities are incompatible with each other and indeed Cdx2 and Oct4 reciprocally inhibit each other [41]. One of the important functions of the TE is the formation of the blastocyst cavity, the location of which determines the embryonic –abembryonic axis of the embryo. As the TE matures, it ...
... and ICM identities are incompatible with each other and indeed Cdx2 and Oct4 reciprocally inhibit each other [41]. One of the important functions of the TE is the formation of the blastocyst cavity, the location of which determines the embryonic –abembryonic axis of the embryo. As the TE matures, it ...
Large-scale histological analysis of leaf mutants using two simple
... and such procedures are time-consuming and labor-intensive for large-scale analyses. Thus, we have developed simple methods for the observation of leaf epidermal and mesophyll cells. To visualize the epidermis, a gel cast was made of the leaf surface, which was then observed under a light microscope ...
... and such procedures are time-consuming and labor-intensive for large-scale analyses. Thus, we have developed simple methods for the observation of leaf epidermal and mesophyll cells. To visualize the epidermis, a gel cast was made of the leaf surface, which was then observed under a light microscope ...
Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
... to intravenous glucose, despite the fact that β–cells in type 2 diabetes clearly contain insulin. Second: delivery of non-glucose secretagogues can acutely increase insulin release but dose not result in equivalent responses to those seen with similar stimulation in healthy subjects. Third: although ...
... to intravenous glucose, despite the fact that β–cells in type 2 diabetes clearly contain insulin. Second: delivery of non-glucose secretagogues can acutely increase insulin release but dose not result in equivalent responses to those seen with similar stimulation in healthy subjects. Third: although ...
Evaluation of flow cytometry as replacement for plating in in vitro
... action (protein synthesis inhibitors, etc.), or effect (bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal or bacteriolytic). They are also usually classified as either broad or narrow spectrum. Most antibiotics target processes involved in bacterial growth, such as DNA replication, DNA packing, and RNA or protein or ce ...
... action (protein synthesis inhibitors, etc.), or effect (bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal or bacteriolytic). They are also usually classified as either broad or narrow spectrum. Most antibiotics target processes involved in bacterial growth, such as DNA replication, DNA packing, and RNA or protein or ce ...
The Golgi Apparatus - Global Science Books
... Fig. 2 Fluorescent proteins are an important tool in visualising parts of the secretory pathway. Various proteins have been established as markers for different organelles in the secretory pathway. These micrographs demonstrate the usage of several markers alone or in combination to show the distrib ...
... Fig. 2 Fluorescent proteins are an important tool in visualising parts of the secretory pathway. Various proteins have been established as markers for different organelles in the secretory pathway. These micrographs demonstrate the usage of several markers alone or in combination to show the distrib ...
Wang YY, Kuang A, Russell SD, Tian HQ. 2006. In vitro fertilization
... cells in pollen of Plumbago zeylanica exhibited structural dimorphism, differing in both morphology (Russell and Cass 1981) and internal cellular organelle complements (Russell 1984). Further observations revealed that the sperm cells from a single pollen tube of P. zeylanica exhibited preferential f ...
... cells in pollen of Plumbago zeylanica exhibited structural dimorphism, differing in both morphology (Russell and Cass 1981) and internal cellular organelle complements (Russell 1984). Further observations revealed that the sperm cells from a single pollen tube of P. zeylanica exhibited preferential f ...
Select Acetophenones Modulate Flagellar Motility in Chlamydomonas
... A number of acetophenones had no observed effect on phototaxis, including acetophenone (dihydroacetophenone), 4-methylacetophenone, 3-methoxyacetophenone, 4-fluoroacetophenone, 3-nitroacetophenone, and 4-morpholinoacetophenone (Table 1). Meanwhile, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the solvent used to prep ...
... A number of acetophenones had no observed effect on phototaxis, including acetophenone (dihydroacetophenone), 4-methylacetophenone, 3-methoxyacetophenone, 4-fluoroacetophenone, 3-nitroacetophenone, and 4-morpholinoacetophenone (Table 1). Meanwhile, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the solvent used to prep ...
Arabidopsis ORGAN SIZE RELATED1 regulates organ growth and
... Compared with control lines, which contained an empty vector, all of 20 independently transgenic lines overexpressing OSR1 displayed visibly enlarged aerial organs, including leaves, cotyledons, and floral organs (Fig. 2a,b, Table 1). As a result, the heights of transgenic plants were also increased ...
... Compared with control lines, which contained an empty vector, all of 20 independently transgenic lines overexpressing OSR1 displayed visibly enlarged aerial organs, including leaves, cotyledons, and floral organs (Fig. 2a,b, Table 1). As a result, the heights of transgenic plants were also increased ...
Root-knot nematodes manipulate plant cell functions during a
... Giant cells expand by isotropic growth and may reach a final size about 400 times that of root vascular cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, cytological observations have shown that, 7 days post-inoculation (dpi), expanding giant cells are multinucleate with a dense cytoplasm. A week later (14 dpi), DNA ...
... Giant cells expand by isotropic growth and may reach a final size about 400 times that of root vascular cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, cytological observations have shown that, 7 days post-inoculation (dpi), expanding giant cells are multinucleate with a dense cytoplasm. A week later (14 dpi), DNA ...
Autophagy in Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation
... Mechanisms of cellular homeostasis are important for preventing cellular injuries that could lead to impaired cellular function and ultimately cell death. One of those mechanisms is macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy), a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway that allows the recycling of dam ...
... Mechanisms of cellular homeostasis are important for preventing cellular injuries that could lead to impaired cellular function and ultimately cell death. One of those mechanisms is macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy), a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway that allows the recycling of dam ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.