Disruption of the long-range GPIIIa Cys5
... been characterized, and 24 members of this heterodimer family have been identified.2,3 Integrins mediate both adhesion and bidirectional transmembrane signaling. The binding of these integrins to soluble macromolecules is tightly regulated by integrin activation or inside-out signaling, also known a ...
... been characterized, and 24 members of this heterodimer family have been identified.2,3 Integrins mediate both adhesion and bidirectional transmembrane signaling. The binding of these integrins to soluble macromolecules is tightly regulated by integrin activation or inside-out signaling, also known a ...
Assays for Cell Enumeration, Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle
... corresponding ribonucleotide (BrUTP, B21551) that has been microinjected into cells is incorporated into RNA of a nucleolar compartment, a process that should also be detectable with fluorescent anti-BrdU conjugates. ABSOLUTE-S SBIP Cell Proliferation Assay Kit Many conventional BrdU-based protocols ...
... corresponding ribonucleotide (BrUTP, B21551) that has been microinjected into cells is incorporated into RNA of a nucleolar compartment, a process that should also be detectable with fluorescent anti-BrdU conjugates. ABSOLUTE-S SBIP Cell Proliferation Assay Kit Many conventional BrdU-based protocols ...
Bacteria Section 18.2 Summary – pages 484-495
... Strong/Thick cell wall 2. The above bacteria grows in chains and the cells are round. What is the name of this bacteria? Strepto-coccus ...
... Strong/Thick cell wall 2. The above bacteria grows in chains and the cells are round. What is the name of this bacteria? Strepto-coccus ...
studies on the intracellular digestive process in mammalian tissue
... found within phagocytotic vacuoles formed by the invagination of the cell membrane (1). These vacuoles were shown to migrate toward the Golgi zone (1) and were most frequently observed in this region (Figs. 1 and 2). After extensive phagocytosis, the Golgi apparatus appeared more prominent owing to ...
... found within phagocytotic vacuoles formed by the invagination of the cell membrane (1). These vacuoles were shown to migrate toward the Golgi zone (1) and were most frequently observed in this region (Figs. 1 and 2). After extensive phagocytosis, the Golgi apparatus appeared more prominent owing to ...
Development of Next-Generation Optical Neural Silencers
... While all members of the opsin superfamily share a highly characteristic seven transmembrane alpha-helical structure and retinal chromophore attached to a conserved lysine residue (Figure 2), primary sequence alignments divide them into two independent protein families: the type 1 opsins which play ...
... While all members of the opsin superfamily share a highly characteristic seven transmembrane alpha-helical structure and retinal chromophore attached to a conserved lysine residue (Figure 2), primary sequence alignments divide them into two independent protein families: the type 1 opsins which play ...
mic.sgmjournals.org
... different stages of growth, corresponding to OD650 0?1, 0?5, 1?0, 1?5, 2?0, 2?5 and 3?0. Northern blot hybridization was performed according to a standard protocol (Sambrook et al., 1989). Twenty micrograms of total RNA were electrophoresed in a 1 % (w/v) agarose gel (Seakem GTG Agarose, BMA Bioprod ...
... different stages of growth, corresponding to OD650 0?1, 0?5, 1?0, 1?5, 2?0, 2?5 and 3?0. Northern blot hybridization was performed according to a standard protocol (Sambrook et al., 1989). Twenty micrograms of total RNA were electrophoresed in a 1 % (w/v) agarose gel (Seakem GTG Agarose, BMA Bioprod ...
Roles of 14-3-3 and calmodulin binding in subcellular localization
... RGK (Rad/Gem/kir) proteins belong to a subfamily of Ras-related GTPases that consist of kir/Gem [1,2], Rad [3], Rem [4] and Rem2 [5]. Although the Ras-related core domain is conserved, RGK proteins exhibit unique structural and functional features that differ from other GTPases. These include the la ...
... RGK (Rad/Gem/kir) proteins belong to a subfamily of Ras-related GTPases that consist of kir/Gem [1,2], Rad [3], Rem [4] and Rem2 [5]. Although the Ras-related core domain is conserved, RGK proteins exhibit unique structural and functional features that differ from other GTPases. These include the la ...
OF PISUM SATIVUM L. (a) Source of Material
... Fig. 3). As time progressed these coalesced so that each cell contained several large vacuoles by the end of phase 2. This differentiation and expansion of the vacuolar system coincided with the expansion of the cells. The long axis of the plastids increased from about 3 fk to 8 fk during phase 2. T ...
... Fig. 3). As time progressed these coalesced so that each cell contained several large vacuoles by the end of phase 2. This differentiation and expansion of the vacuolar system coincided with the expansion of the cells. The long axis of the plastids increased from about 3 fk to 8 fk during phase 2. T ...
PI3K and Rho GTPase activity are required for exogenous PIP3
... resulting in AKT activation and other responses (including a secondary Rac activation-see below). 3. In parallel to Ras activation, actin polymerization also is initiated at the plasma membrane. This initial actin polymerization (at 5 seconds) is independent of PI3K and probably mediated by a GDP/GT ...
... resulting in AKT activation and other responses (including a secondary Rac activation-see below). 3. In parallel to Ras activation, actin polymerization also is initiated at the plasma membrane. This initial actin polymerization (at 5 seconds) is independent of PI3K and probably mediated by a GDP/GT ...
ER and vacuoles: never been closer
... of vacuoles, the provacuoles. The tubular provacuoles are supposed to fuse with one another, forming a complex network that finally will give raise to the central vacuole (Marty, 1999). This hypothesis is based on an early electron microscopy study that revealed tubular structures at the trans-side o ...
... of vacuoles, the provacuoles. The tubular provacuoles are supposed to fuse with one another, forming a complex network that finally will give raise to the central vacuole (Marty, 1999). This hypothesis is based on an early electron microscopy study that revealed tubular structures at the trans-side o ...
Microinjection into plant cells of etiolated - Products
... Preparation: Seedlings were placed on wet filter paper and incubated for various times in continuous darkness (dD) after germination (Sinapis alba 4 dD, Lycopersicon esculentum 6 dD, Arabidopsis thaliana 4 dD). Germination of Arabidopsis seedlings was induced by 2 days of cold treatment (4°C) and su ...
... Preparation: Seedlings were placed on wet filter paper and incubated for various times in continuous darkness (dD) after germination (Sinapis alba 4 dD, Lycopersicon esculentum 6 dD, Arabidopsis thaliana 4 dD). Germination of Arabidopsis seedlings was induced by 2 days of cold treatment (4°C) and su ...
MYB46 Modulates Disease Susceptibility to
... stages (Varner and Lin, 1989). The pliable character of cell walls is directly related to changes in the proportion and degree of assembly of various structural polysaccharides, including cellulose microfibrils, pectin, and hemicellulose polymers (Carpita and McCann, 2000). In addition, cell walls o ...
... stages (Varner and Lin, 1989). The pliable character of cell walls is directly related to changes in the proportion and degree of assembly of various structural polysaccharides, including cellulose microfibrils, pectin, and hemicellulose polymers (Carpita and McCann, 2000). In addition, cell walls o ...
Nuclear Factor-90 of Activated T-Cells: A Double
... T-cells (NFATs),1 appear to be essential for early T-cell gene activation (1-6). The transcriptional activation of interleukin 2 (IL-2), the first lymphokine secreted following T-cell activation (7), likely involves NFATs as well as other transcription factors including AP-1, NF-κB, and Oct-1 (8, 9) ...
... T-cells (NFATs),1 appear to be essential for early T-cell gene activation (1-6). The transcriptional activation of interleukin 2 (IL-2), the first lymphokine secreted following T-cell activation (7), likely involves NFATs as well as other transcription factors including AP-1, NF-κB, and Oct-1 (8, 9) ...
Accurate Cell Division in E. Coli: How Does a Bacterium Know
... together form “partition complex” • ParB interacts with ParA functioning as “adaptor” between ParA and parC • Dynamics of plasmids/Par proteins occurs along nucleoid surface ...
... together form “partition complex” • ParB interacts with ParA functioning as “adaptor” between ParA and parC • Dynamics of plasmids/Par proteins occurs along nucleoid surface ...
Mutations in the Drosophila Condensin Subunit
... fission yeast revealed loci to be more separated in condensin mutants than in wild type (Saka et al. 1994). In contrast, genetic analyses in metazoans to date have not delineated an essential role for the condensin complex in chromosome condensation. Embryonic lethal mutations in barren, the gene co ...
... fission yeast revealed loci to be more separated in condensin mutants than in wild type (Saka et al. 1994). In contrast, genetic analyses in metazoans to date have not delineated an essential role for the condensin complex in chromosome condensation. Embryonic lethal mutations in barren, the gene co ...
Phosphoproteomics as a tool to unravel plant
... detected during the esterification-IMAC-MS approach, but the sequence of only a few could be determined (Heintz et al. 2004). In a small-scale study of A. thaliana thylakoid membrane-associated proteins, Hansson and Vener (2003) identified several novel phosphorylation sites using the same approach. ...
... detected during the esterification-IMAC-MS approach, but the sequence of only a few could be determined (Heintz et al. 2004). In a small-scale study of A. thaliana thylakoid membrane-associated proteins, Hansson and Vener (2003) identified several novel phosphorylation sites using the same approach. ...
Pore-Forming Proteins and Adaptation of Living Organisms to
... Melittin (H2N-GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISTIKRKRQQCONH2), a typical member of this group of toxins is the basic component of Apis mellifera bee venom [5]. This polypeptide is capable of killing bacteria and lysing blood cells, as well as various eukaryotic tissues. The cytolytic activity of melittin is underl ...
... Melittin (H2N-GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISTIKRKRQQCONH2), a typical member of this group of toxins is the basic component of Apis mellifera bee venom [5]. This polypeptide is capable of killing bacteria and lysing blood cells, as well as various eukaryotic tissues. The cytolytic activity of melittin is underl ...
Neuron Structure and Function
... Disadvantage of large axons • Take up a lot of space which limits the number of neurons that can be packed into the nervous system • Have large volumes of cytoplasm making them expensive to produce and maintain ...
... Disadvantage of large axons • Take up a lot of space which limits the number of neurons that can be packed into the nervous system • Have large volumes of cytoplasm making them expensive to produce and maintain ...
Developmental roles of Rhomboid proteases
... duplication events and structural alterations have sculpted the varied roles of this protein family, maintaining a conserved structural core throughout the bacterial, plant and animal kingdoms. Unresolved questions pop up at many junctions. This review will focus on a distinct class of Rhomboid prot ...
... duplication events and structural alterations have sculpted the varied roles of this protein family, maintaining a conserved structural core throughout the bacterial, plant and animal kingdoms. Unresolved questions pop up at many junctions. This review will focus on a distinct class of Rhomboid prot ...
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... timed experiments. Identified cells in 285 cleavagestage embryos (stages l-6c) were examined; the lengths and compositions of their cell cycles are presented in Figs 3 and 4. Limitations to the accuracy of our data are as follows: (1) Embryos were fixed at 30min intervals; thus, if homologous cells ...
... timed experiments. Identified cells in 285 cleavagestage embryos (stages l-6c) were examined; the lengths and compositions of their cell cycles are presented in Figs 3 and 4. Limitations to the accuracy of our data are as follows: (1) Embryos were fixed at 30min intervals; thus, if homologous cells ...
Roles of the mammalian target of rapamycin
... mTOR-KIs inhibit their synthesis more strongly than does rapamycin, in line with the effects of these compounds on overall protein synthesis rates. For proteins known to be encoded by 5 -TOP mRNAs, such as ribosomal proteins, rapamycin inhibited synthesis quite strongly (typically by 20–50%), which ...
... mTOR-KIs inhibit their synthesis more strongly than does rapamycin, in line with the effects of these compounds on overall protein synthesis rates. For proteins known to be encoded by 5 -TOP mRNAs, such as ribosomal proteins, rapamycin inhibited synthesis quite strongly (typically by 20–50%), which ...
to the complete text
... Sorting of membrane cargo into a COPII prebudding complex has been described for several proteins in yeast [19••] and mammals [20,21••] and is believed to be mediated via an interaction with the Sec23p complex [21••], although no direct binding of these components has been demonstrated. Thus, sortin ...
... Sorting of membrane cargo into a COPII prebudding complex has been described for several proteins in yeast [19••] and mammals [20,21••] and is believed to be mediated via an interaction with the Sec23p complex [21••], although no direct binding of these components has been demonstrated. Thus, sortin ...
dependence of cell-type proportioning and sorting on cell cycle
... Because cells continue to cycle slowly during development (Zada-Hames & Ashworth, 19786) it is clear that prestalk and prespore cells do not differentiate in the same phase of the cell cycle in which they were at the onset of starvation. It is, however, possible (from published observations) to esti ...
... Because cells continue to cycle slowly during development (Zada-Hames & Ashworth, 19786) it is clear that prestalk and prespore cells do not differentiate in the same phase of the cell cycle in which they were at the onset of starvation. It is, however, possible (from published observations) to esti ...
Polarization of Thyroid Cells in Culture
... We report that concentration of iodide in the cell layer and acute response to TSH is seen only when iodide or TSH had access to the basolateral surface of the cell layer. This occurs either with cells cultured on floating collagen rafts or with cells cultured on mounted filters after I- or TSH addi ...
... We report that concentration of iodide in the cell layer and acute response to TSH is seen only when iodide or TSH had access to the basolateral surface of the cell layer. This occurs either with cells cultured on floating collagen rafts or with cells cultured on mounted filters after I- or TSH addi ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.