AF4 Encodes a Ubiquitous Protein That in Both
... F4, ALSO KNOWN AS FEL, is a gene which was first described as a fusion partner with MLL in the t(4;11) acute leukemia.1-3 Based on analysis by Northern blotting, AF-4 mRNAs were found to be widely expressed in hematopoietic cells and normal human tissues.4,5 cDNA sequence analysis of the AF-4 gene s ...
... F4, ALSO KNOWN AS FEL, is a gene which was first described as a fusion partner with MLL in the t(4;11) acute leukemia.1-3 Based on analysis by Northern blotting, AF-4 mRNAs were found to be widely expressed in hematopoietic cells and normal human tissues.4,5 cDNA sequence analysis of the AF-4 gene s ...
Nedd8 processing enzymes inSchizosaccharomyces pombe
... differences in Nedd8 substrates between these organisms. Just as ubiquitylation is reversed by ubiquitin isopeptidases, Nedd8 conjugation is reversed by Nedd8 isopeptidases in a process known as deneddylation. The best characterized deneddylating enzymes include the COP9 signalosome subunit Csn5 [11 ...
... differences in Nedd8 substrates between these organisms. Just as ubiquitylation is reversed by ubiquitin isopeptidases, Nedd8 conjugation is reversed by Nedd8 isopeptidases in a process known as deneddylation. The best characterized deneddylating enzymes include the COP9 signalosome subunit Csn5 [11 ...
Final Draft
... The preparation of the crude venom from thawed nematocyst suspensions of WI, its initial fractionation by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), the concentration and desalting of SEC fractions, as well as the first purification step by reversed-phase chromatography (RPC1) were carried out according t ...
... The preparation of the crude venom from thawed nematocyst suspensions of WI, its initial fractionation by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), the concentration and desalting of SEC fractions, as well as the first purification step by reversed-phase chromatography (RPC1) were carried out according t ...
The grass leaf developmental gradient as a
... secundatum (Sud and Dengler, 2000), and Arundinella hirta (Dengler et al., 1997) and several species of Flaveria (McKown and Dengler, 2007) and Cyperacea (Ueno et al., 1989; Soros and Dengler, 1998, 2001). Arundinella hirta and certain other members of the genera Arundinella, Garnotia, Microstegium, ...
... secundatum (Sud and Dengler, 2000), and Arundinella hirta (Dengler et al., 1997) and several species of Flaveria (McKown and Dengler, 2007) and Cyperacea (Ueno et al., 1989; Soros and Dengler, 1998, 2001). Arundinella hirta and certain other members of the genera Arundinella, Garnotia, Microstegium, ...
Detergent-resistant plasma membrane proteome to elucidate
... According to protein clustering in microdomain, proteomic and subsequent enzymatic characterizations of DRM fraction from hybrid aspen cells strongly suggested the involvement of DRM in cell wall polysaccharide synthesis (Bessueille et al., 2009). DRM from hybrid aspen was enriched in glucan synthas ...
... According to protein clustering in microdomain, proteomic and subsequent enzymatic characterizations of DRM fraction from hybrid aspen cells strongly suggested the involvement of DRM in cell wall polysaccharide synthesis (Bessueille et al., 2009). DRM from hybrid aspen was enriched in glucan synthas ...
Tsao, Doris, Face Processing Mechanisms, Caltech, Apr
... slide: Anatomical tracer summary (diagram that includes all the above connections shown by their tracer studies) ...
... slide: Anatomical tracer summary (diagram that includes all the above connections shown by their tracer studies) ...
Can quantum mechanics explain free will
... bacteria are capable of complex behaviour and, in the case of clonal bacteria, can achieve much higher degrees behavioural coordination than paramecium ever shows. The complex behaviour exhibited by bacteria (for example, chemotaxis) can be modeled from 'first principles'from the chemistry of the co ...
... bacteria are capable of complex behaviour and, in the case of clonal bacteria, can achieve much higher degrees behavioural coordination than paramecium ever shows. The complex behaviour exhibited by bacteria (for example, chemotaxis) can be modeled from 'first principles'from the chemistry of the co ...
Fig. - Journal of Cell Science
... phosphorylated by a series of kinases [ protein kinase A (PKA), casein kinase 1 (CK1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β)], and in particular, Gli3 undergoes processing (limited proteolysis) in a phosphorylation-, ubiquitylation- and proteasome-dependent manner to a transcriptionally repressive ...
... phosphorylated by a series of kinases [ protein kinase A (PKA), casein kinase 1 (CK1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β)], and in particular, Gli3 undergoes processing (limited proteolysis) in a phosphorylation-, ubiquitylation- and proteasome-dependent manner to a transcriptionally repressive ...
Cell membranes
... Lipid asymmetry occurs during manufacture To permit membrane growth, newly synthesised membrane must be evenly (均勻) distributed between both monolayers Asymmetry distribution of bi-layer, Requires enzyme assistance flippases Flippases selectively transfer specific phospholipids ⇒ asymmetric distrib ...
... Lipid asymmetry occurs during manufacture To permit membrane growth, newly synthesised membrane must be evenly (均勻) distributed between both monolayers Asymmetry distribution of bi-layer, Requires enzyme assistance flippases Flippases selectively transfer specific phospholipids ⇒ asymmetric distrib ...
Membrane trafficking and polar growth in root hairs and pollen tubes
... hairs and pollen tubes display a highly specialized growth form in which the cell elongates unidirectionally and only at the very tip. This extreme form of polarized growth, or tip-growth, sustains prodigious rates of elongation: Root hairs grow at rates of 10–40 nm sÿ1 (Galway et al., 1997; Wymer e ...
... hairs and pollen tubes display a highly specialized growth form in which the cell elongates unidirectionally and only at the very tip. This extreme form of polarized growth, or tip-growth, sustains prodigious rates of elongation: Root hairs grow at rates of 10–40 nm sÿ1 (Galway et al., 1997; Wymer e ...
T Cell Interstitial Migration: Motility Cues from the Inflamed Tissue for
... that activate the T cell’s antimicrobial effector functions. The mechanisms of interstitial T cell motility and the environmental cues that may promote or hinder efficient tissue scanning are poorly understood. The extracellular matrix (ECM) appears to play an important scaffolding role in guidance ...
... that activate the T cell’s antimicrobial effector functions. The mechanisms of interstitial T cell motility and the environmental cues that may promote or hinder efficient tissue scanning are poorly understood. The extracellular matrix (ECM) appears to play an important scaffolding role in guidance ...
Protein Synthesis and Quality Control at the Endoplasmic Reticulum
... electrical potential difference is maintained across the inner mitochondrial membrane, the transport of large numbers of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix or inner membrane must occur without compromising its permeability barrier and allowing significant numbers of ions to travel through the bi ...
... electrical potential difference is maintained across the inner mitochondrial membrane, the transport of large numbers of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix or inner membrane must occur without compromising its permeability barrier and allowing significant numbers of ions to travel through the bi ...
Cellular Computing
... Biology can compute more quickly – Allosteric modification of protein behavior – Covalent modification of proteins to affect activity phosphorylation GDP/GTP binding proteins Cyclic AMP binding proteins – These techniques will be much more difficult to engineer at least until we understand pro ...
... Biology can compute more quickly – Allosteric modification of protein behavior – Covalent modification of proteins to affect activity phosphorylation GDP/GTP binding proteins Cyclic AMP binding proteins – These techniques will be much more difficult to engineer at least until we understand pro ...
The effects of hydrostatic pressure on ribosome conformation in
... isolation of purified ribosomal subunits involves ultracentrifugation for long periods, which can cause artefacts due to the high hydrostatic pressures involved (Hauge, 1971; Spirin, 1971). More recently, flow fieldflow fractionation has been applied to ribosome analysis (Nilsson et al., 1996, 1997) ...
... isolation of purified ribosomal subunits involves ultracentrifugation for long periods, which can cause artefacts due to the high hydrostatic pressures involved (Hauge, 1971; Spirin, 1971). More recently, flow fieldflow fractionation has been applied to ribosome analysis (Nilsson et al., 1996, 1997) ...
Cell shape and plasma membrane alterations after - An
... partially impeded changes in distribution of cell surface glycans, both features being typical of apoptotic cells. Cell shape and plasma membrane structure modifications upon static MFs exposure were time-dependent. Lamellar microvilli were clearly observed before the distortion of cell shape, which ...
... partially impeded changes in distribution of cell surface glycans, both features being typical of apoptotic cells. Cell shape and plasma membrane structure modifications upon static MFs exposure were time-dependent. Lamellar microvilli were clearly observed before the distortion of cell shape, which ...
The effects of hydrostatic pressure on ribosome conformation in
... isolation of purified ribosomal subunits involves ultracentrifugation for long periods, which can cause artefacts due to the high hydrostatic pressures involved (Hauge, 1971; Spirin, 1971). More recently, flow fieldflow fractionation has been applied to ribosome analysis (Nilsson et al., 1996, 1997) ...
... isolation of purified ribosomal subunits involves ultracentrifugation for long periods, which can cause artefacts due to the high hydrostatic pressures involved (Hauge, 1971; Spirin, 1971). More recently, flow fieldflow fractionation has been applied to ribosome analysis (Nilsson et al., 1996, 1997) ...
Voltage-dependent Ionic Conductances of Type I Spiral Ganglion
... voltage clamped (Fig. 9A). Despite fine voltage control, Na current densities show great variability. In addition, Figure 9B illustrates that voltage-dependent inactivation curves (hi,,) are similar for cells possessing large and small Na current densities. It is likely that current density differen ...
... voltage clamped (Fig. 9A). Despite fine voltage control, Na current densities show great variability. In addition, Figure 9B illustrates that voltage-dependent inactivation curves (hi,,) are similar for cells possessing large and small Na current densities. It is likely that current density differen ...
A note on the fine structure of a spirochaete By A. V. GRIMSTONE
... thick (fig. 3, c). The gap between the 2 layers is 30 to 40 A wide, giving a total thickness to the sheath membrane of about 90 A. The coarse outer layer of the sheath is about 300 A thick and typically appears to consist of an irregular network of branching filaments (fig. 2, B). In a substantial p ...
... thick (fig. 3, c). The gap between the 2 layers is 30 to 40 A wide, giving a total thickness to the sheath membrane of about 90 A. The coarse outer layer of the sheath is about 300 A thick and typically appears to consist of an irregular network of branching filaments (fig. 2, B). In a substantial p ...
Calcium: a regulation system emerges in plant cells
... In order that changes in cytosolic calcium levels can regulate cellular processes the level of the ion itself must be closely regulated. Indirectly we know that cells must efficiently hold cytosolic calcium well below the cytotoxic concentration found in the extracellular fluid, 10~ 3 M (Hepler & Wa ...
... In order that changes in cytosolic calcium levels can regulate cellular processes the level of the ion itself must be closely regulated. Indirectly we know that cells must efficiently hold cytosolic calcium well below the cytotoxic concentration found in the extracellular fluid, 10~ 3 M (Hepler & Wa ...
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... the recorded cells by axons, suggesting little or no triadic circuitry. Furthermore, subsequent staining of these cells showed X cell morphology for the former and Y cell morphology for the latter (Cox and Sherman 2000). However, in this prior study, the correlation between TTX sensitivity and relay ...
... the recorded cells by axons, suggesting little or no triadic circuitry. Furthermore, subsequent staining of these cells showed X cell morphology for the former and Y cell morphology for the latter (Cox and Sherman 2000). However, in this prior study, the correlation between TTX sensitivity and relay ...
WWW.BROOKES.AC.UK/GO/RADAR
... exhibit light avoidance responses (Higa et al. 2014) and relocate to the lower lateral regions of the cells in tissue exposed to light. This location places them very close to the mesophyll layer so that when imaged from above, as is the usual practice, they are easily confused with mesophyll chloro ...
... exhibit light avoidance responses (Higa et al. 2014) and relocate to the lower lateral regions of the cells in tissue exposed to light. This location places them very close to the mesophyll layer so that when imaged from above, as is the usual practice, they are easily confused with mesophyll chloro ...
An indelible lineage marker for Xenopus using a
... embryo, a disadvantage since, in Xenopus, the pattern of cleavage (and thus the lineage of labelled cells) is by no means identical in all embryos. This constraint does not apply to GFP.RN3, which can be viewed in living cells. We have followed the descendants of single injected blastomeres, by view ...
... embryo, a disadvantage since, in Xenopus, the pattern of cleavage (and thus the lineage of labelled cells) is by no means identical in all embryos. This constraint does not apply to GFP.RN3, which can be viewed in living cells. We have followed the descendants of single injected blastomeres, by view ...
Actin branching in the initiation and maintenance of lamellipodia
... might be much lower than implied in the original model (Pollard & Borisy, 2003; Svitkina & Borisy, 1999), since only one branch is required per filament (Insall, 2011). To resolve this issue we generated a new series of tomograms of Rac-induced lamellipodia in which it was possible to track entire f ...
... might be much lower than implied in the original model (Pollard & Borisy, 2003; Svitkina & Borisy, 1999), since only one branch is required per filament (Insall, 2011). To resolve this issue we generated a new series of tomograms of Rac-induced lamellipodia in which it was possible to track entire f ...
Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylases Have a Function
... of sieve tube development. In the radial expansion zone of the developing xylem, the activity clearly is decreased compared with that in the cambium. Note the separation of adjacent radial cell files caused by the differential extraction of radial walls by formic acid (arrowhead). (E) Phloem fibers. ...
... of sieve tube development. In the radial expansion zone of the developing xylem, the activity clearly is decreased compared with that in the cambium. Note the separation of adjacent radial cell files caused by the differential extraction of radial walls by formic acid (arrowhead). (E) Phloem fibers. ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.