CONDENSIN AND COHESIN: MORE THAN CHROMOSOME
... DNA elements, such as enhancers, silencers and insulators, mediate these levels of gene regulation by recruiting trans-acting factors that influence transcription. Recent studies have shown that either cohesin or condensin contributes to each of these levels of regulation, in part by influencing enh ...
... DNA elements, such as enhancers, silencers and insulators, mediate these levels of gene regulation by recruiting trans-acting factors that influence transcription. Recent studies have shown that either cohesin or condensin contributes to each of these levels of regulation, in part by influencing enh ...
COMPOUND-INDUCED HOST CELL RESPONSES AND EFFECTS ON WHOLE VIRUS CHAPTER 4
... determining ADMET properties in vitro. Brain microvessel endothelial cells have been used in BBB penetration studies (Glynn and Yazdanian, 1998) and Caco-2 cells for cellular permeability (Egan and Lauri, 2002). Because cytotoxicity is one of the most critical and unpredictable of the drug-like prop ...
... determining ADMET properties in vitro. Brain microvessel endothelial cells have been used in BBB penetration studies (Glynn and Yazdanian, 1998) and Caco-2 cells for cellular permeability (Egan and Lauri, 2002). Because cytotoxicity is one of the most critical and unpredictable of the drug-like prop ...
electrophysiological investigations of the heart of squill a mantis
... between the bursts. In any one heart the number was fairly constant over a short time (several minutes) but over a longer period the heart slowed and the number of impulses per burst increased. Fig. 6 illustrates this relationship for a single heart. The recordings were taken over a period of 1^ hr. ...
... between the bursts. In any one heart the number was fairly constant over a short time (several minutes) but over a longer period the heart slowed and the number of impulses per burst increased. Fig. 6 illustrates this relationship for a single heart. The recordings were taken over a period of 1^ hr. ...
Discs large 5, an Essential Gene in Drosophila, Regulates Egg
... the idea that loss of dlg5 affects cell division or cell viability. From these results we can conclude that Dlg5 is essential in both germline and somatic stem cells, and it is likely required in all follicle cells throughout oogenesis. Reduced levels of Dlg5 in follicle cells leads to egg chamber d ...
... the idea that loss of dlg5 affects cell division or cell viability. From these results we can conclude that Dlg5 is essential in both germline and somatic stem cells, and it is likely required in all follicle cells throughout oogenesis. Reduced levels of Dlg5 in follicle cells leads to egg chamber d ...
Protein Import, Replication, and Inheritance of a Vestigial
... functional feature of mitochondrial and hydrogenosomal protein import is the proteolytic removal of targeting peptides upon organelle import (29, 30). To investigate whether the amino-terminal peptides of Giardia IscU and Fd are cleaved upon import into mitosomes, the initial 26 and 18 amino acids o ...
... functional feature of mitochondrial and hydrogenosomal protein import is the proteolytic removal of targeting peptides upon organelle import (29, 30). To investigate whether the amino-terminal peptides of Giardia IscU and Fd are cleaved upon import into mitosomes, the initial 26 and 18 amino acids o ...
Medicinal Chemistry of Antifungal Agents
... biochemical structures: • DNA is organized into chromosomes within the nucleus • Distinct cytoplasmic organelles: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and storage vacuoles. • Cell membrane This homology to mammalian cells also extends to biosynthetic pathways, where fungi share simi ...
... biochemical structures: • DNA is organized into chromosomes within the nucleus • Distinct cytoplasmic organelles: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and storage vacuoles. • Cell membrane This homology to mammalian cells also extends to biosynthetic pathways, where fungi share simi ...
Intracellular and extracellular in vivo recording of
... voltage-dependent, low threshold spikes that were presumably the Ca/+ spikes described from in vitro recording. These spikes were triangular in waveform and typically had 2-7 fast action potentials (interspike intervals of 1.2~4 ms) riding its crest. Furthermore, the cell's membrane had to be hyperp ...
... voltage-dependent, low threshold spikes that were presumably the Ca/+ spikes described from in vitro recording. These spikes were triangular in waveform and typically had 2-7 fast action potentials (interspike intervals of 1.2~4 ms) riding its crest. Furthermore, the cell's membrane had to be hyperp ...
performance of nonlinear visual units in ocular hypertension
... that pool the responses from different parts of the cell’s receptive field in a nonlinear manner. In contrast, summation in receptive fields of P cells, and the other subclass of M cells (Mx), is quite linear so that it should be possible, using the nonlinear characteristic of MX cells as a signatur ...
... that pool the responses from different parts of the cell’s receptive field in a nonlinear manner. In contrast, summation in receptive fields of P cells, and the other subclass of M cells (Mx), is quite linear so that it should be possible, using the nonlinear characteristic of MX cells as a signatur ...
Elevated IL-17 produced by TH17 cells promotes
... Figure 1. Increased frequency of TH17 cells in freshly isolated mononuclear cells in myeloma. (A) Mononuclear cells were isolated from multiple myeloma (MM) patients (blood, N ⫽ 11, bone marrow [BM], N ⫽ 4) and from healthy donors (HDs; blood, N ⫽ 12; BM, N ⫽ 3) and stimulated for 6 hours with PMA a ...
... Figure 1. Increased frequency of TH17 cells in freshly isolated mononuclear cells in myeloma. (A) Mononuclear cells were isolated from multiple myeloma (MM) patients (blood, N ⫽ 11, bone marrow [BM], N ⫽ 4) and from healthy donors (HDs; blood, N ⫽ 12; BM, N ⫽ 3) and stimulated for 6 hours with PMA a ...
Metabolomics of a single vacuole reveals metabolic dynamism in an
... unidentified peaks detected using CE-MS analysis (data not shown). We also used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic analysis (Matsuda et al., 2009) on a C. australis vacuole and cytoplasm. Although secondary metabolites were not identified, most peaks were classified into vacuolar or ...
... unidentified peaks detected using CE-MS analysis (data not shown). We also used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic analysis (Matsuda et al., 2009) on a C. australis vacuole and cytoplasm. Although secondary metabolites were not identified, most peaks were classified into vacuolar or ...
Adherens Junctions, Desmosomes and Tight
... disjunctum. At this point, corneodesmosomes are located only at the overlapping edges of the corneocytes, in cell-cell interdigitation zones, and the flat corneocyte discs remain laterally attached with these junctions. When the lateral / peripheral corneodesmosomes disappear, in their turn, the cor ...
... disjunctum. At this point, corneodesmosomes are located only at the overlapping edges of the corneocytes, in cell-cell interdigitation zones, and the flat corneocyte discs remain laterally attached with these junctions. When the lateral / peripheral corneodesmosomes disappear, in their turn, the cor ...
review of the EBNA3 proteins here - EBV Microarray data interrogation
... consequence, it was a widely held view that when EBV transforms normal B cells into LCLs, the small number of viral latency-associated gene products exploits the physiological process of activation normally achieved by the interaction of a B cell with its specific antigen together with cognate T cel ...
... consequence, it was a widely held view that when EBV transforms normal B cells into LCLs, the small number of viral latency-associated gene products exploits the physiological process of activation normally achieved by the interaction of a B cell with its specific antigen together with cognate T cel ...
Role of Polo-like kinase in the degradation of early mitotic inhibitor 1
... It has been shown previously that Emi1 is targeted for degradation by the SCF-TrCP ubiquitin ligase complex and that its phosphorylation on a DSGxxS consensus site is required for this process (15, 16). However, the protein kinase(s) involved in this phosphorylation has not been identified. In the ...
... It has been shown previously that Emi1 is targeted for degradation by the SCF-TrCP ubiquitin ligase complex and that its phosphorylation on a DSGxxS consensus site is required for this process (15, 16). However, the protein kinase(s) involved in this phosphorylation has not been identified. In the ...
Curriculum map
... cancer, explaining observations of CGW & CD: What inquiry skills were animations & explaining used in exercise above? the advantages of skills used in CGW. Lab & CD: microscopic identification of *Self Assessment with stages of cell reproduction. online interactive exercises, practice CD & S & WTL: ...
... cancer, explaining observations of CGW & CD: What inquiry skills were animations & explaining used in exercise above? the advantages of skills used in CGW. Lab & CD: microscopic identification of *Self Assessment with stages of cell reproduction. online interactive exercises, practice CD & S & WTL: ...
STUDIES ON PHYTOCHEMICALS, ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXICITY EFFECT OF HYBANTHUS ENNEASPERMUS Original Article
... unsaturated fatty acids [23]. Nitric oxide radical generated by endothelial cells and macrophages, nearly 63% free radicals were scavenged by HEEHE [24]. The HEEHE contain 8.2mg/g of Vitamin-C and 3mg/g of Vitamin E. Vitamin C is one of the most extensively studied antioxidant and detected in the ma ...
... unsaturated fatty acids [23]. Nitric oxide radical generated by endothelial cells and macrophages, nearly 63% free radicals were scavenged by HEEHE [24]. The HEEHE contain 8.2mg/g of Vitamin-C and 3mg/g of Vitamin E. Vitamin C is one of the most extensively studied antioxidant and detected in the ma ...
27-Bacteria and Archaea
... which maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment (see Chapter 7). In a hypertonic environment, most prokaryotes lose water and shrink away from their wall (plasmolyze), like other walled cells. Such water losses can inhibit cell reproduction. Th ...
... which maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment (see Chapter 7). In a hypertonic environment, most prokaryotes lose water and shrink away from their wall (plasmolyze), like other walled cells. Such water losses can inhibit cell reproduction. Th ...
The NK2.1 receptor is encoded by Ly-49C and its
... NK cells can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the need for prior sensitization and without the requirement for MHC molecule expression on target cells (1). Instead, it is of general agreement that MHC class I molecules expressed by target cells may interrupt the lytic process of NK ...
... NK cells can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the need for prior sensitization and without the requirement for MHC molecule expression on target cells (1). Instead, it is of general agreement that MHC class I molecules expressed by target cells may interrupt the lytic process of NK ...
Association of Calmodulin and an Unconventional Myosin with the
... a density of 2 • 106/ml, and a drop of cell suspension ('~100 #1) was placed on a coverslip. After 5-10 min, the coverslip was dipped briefly into 1% formaldehyde in methanol (-15~ t s) and then immersed in extraction buffer containing 10 mM sodium phosphate (pH Z4), 150 mM NaC1, and 0.25% Triton X- ...
... a density of 2 • 106/ml, and a drop of cell suspension ('~100 #1) was placed on a coverslip. After 5-10 min, the coverslip was dipped briefly into 1% formaldehyde in methanol (-15~ t s) and then immersed in extraction buffer containing 10 mM sodium phosphate (pH Z4), 150 mM NaC1, and 0.25% Triton X- ...
Development of bacterial oxidative stress assays
... Several classes of bactericidal antibiotics increase oxidative stress in bacteria by upregulating the production of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species are also produced by host immune cells as protection against infectious bacteria. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a defensive enzyme that ...
... Several classes of bactericidal antibiotics increase oxidative stress in bacteria by upregulating the production of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species are also produced by host immune cells as protection against infectious bacteria. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a defensive enzyme that ...
Chemokine-Induced Migration Inhibits Integrin
... time to time creates long “dendrites” (Fig. 2B and Ref. (17). Strikingly, when A39R was added at the beginning of the culture together with LPS, it completely prevented the formation of membrane processes by DCs (Fig. 2C) as well as their adhesion to plastic. This effect was dependent on plexin C1 a ...
... time to time creates long “dendrites” (Fig. 2B and Ref. (17). Strikingly, when A39R was added at the beginning of the culture together with LPS, it completely prevented the formation of membrane processes by DCs (Fig. 2C) as well as their adhesion to plastic. This effect was dependent on plexin C1 a ...
Osmo-Sensitive and Stretch-Activated Calcium
... cells could sense the osmotic change-induced cell turgor changes or membrane stretch and further transduce osmotic signals (MacRobbie, 1995). It is also suggested that the ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways might work together to regulate guard cell turgor under osmotic stress conditions (Li ...
... cells could sense the osmotic change-induced cell turgor changes or membrane stretch and further transduce osmotic signals (MacRobbie, 1995). It is also suggested that the ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways might work together to regulate guard cell turgor under osmotic stress conditions (Li ...
Amyloplast Formation in Cultured Tobacco BY
... been elucidated (reviewed in Smith et al. 1997), but the mechanisms that regulate amyloplast development remain unknown. Generally, starch storage organ development occurs in a series of specific temporal and spatial steps, which occur in phase with cell division and differentiation. These phases ca ...
... been elucidated (reviewed in Smith et al. 1997), but the mechanisms that regulate amyloplast development remain unknown. Generally, starch storage organ development occurs in a series of specific temporal and spatial steps, which occur in phase with cell division and differentiation. These phases ca ...
1 by the Chemokines Macrophage Lymph Nodes During an Immune
... peripheral lymph nodes. Thus, lymphocyte recruitment into lymph nodes is likely to be a multistep process (similar to the processes of neutrophil and monocyte localization in inflammation) that requires L-selectin molecules to allow lymphocytes to “tether and roll’’ via low affinity interactions and ...
... peripheral lymph nodes. Thus, lymphocyte recruitment into lymph nodes is likely to be a multistep process (similar to the processes of neutrophil and monocyte localization in inflammation) that requires L-selectin molecules to allow lymphocytes to “tether and roll’’ via low affinity interactions and ...
Transcriptional insights into the CD8+ T cell response to infection
... visualize changes in gene expression over the course of the CD8 + T cell response to infection with Lm-OVA, we selected 7,195 genes that had a difference in expression of at least twofold in any two samples in the data set from the total of 25,194 genes examined (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Table 1). ...
... visualize changes in gene expression over the course of the CD8 + T cell response to infection with Lm-OVA, we selected 7,195 genes that had a difference in expression of at least twofold in any two samples in the data set from the total of 25,194 genes examined (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Table 1). ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.