Neutrophil trails guide influenza-specific CD8+ T cells in the airways
... the target cells (1–4). However, many of these chemokines are derived from newly recruited innate immune cells during the initial infection (1, 5–7) and little is known about how these innate immunederived chemotactic signals are present in the tissue microenvironment and how they act to recruit T c ...
... the target cells (1–4). However, many of these chemokines are derived from newly recruited innate immune cells during the initial infection (1, 5–7) and little is known about how these innate immunederived chemotactic signals are present in the tissue microenvironment and how they act to recruit T c ...
Activation of DNA Damage Response Pathways during Lytic
... DNA repair. ATM and DNA-PK are primarily activated following formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA. DSBs are recognised and bound by the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex that facilitates ATM recruitment and activation. ATM subsequently activates effector molecules that include H2AX, CHK2, KA ...
... DNA repair. ATM and DNA-PK are primarily activated following formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA. DSBs are recognised and bound by the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex that facilitates ATM recruitment and activation. ATM subsequently activates effector molecules that include H2AX, CHK2, KA ...
Pro-Survival Role of Gelsolin in Mouse β
... Detection ELISAPLUS kit, which detects mono- and oligonucleosomes present in the cytoplasm of apoptotic cells (Fig. 1B). Because caspase-3 is known to be a main mediator of apoptosis, levels of its cleaved (active) form were examined. As expected, Western blot analysis showed that after induction of ...
... Detection ELISAPLUS kit, which detects mono- and oligonucleosomes present in the cytoplasm of apoptotic cells (Fig. 1B). Because caspase-3 is known to be a main mediator of apoptosis, levels of its cleaved (active) form were examined. As expected, Western blot analysis showed that after induction of ...
Metabolism of Methanol in Plant Cells. Carbon-13
... C-1 carbon of ethanolamine in phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas no enrichment was observed in the C-2 carbon. In other words, carbon bound to a hydroxyl group in polar heads of phospholipids derived partly from [13C]methanol via Ser and ethanolamine (Mouillon et al., 1999). Finally, the four resonan ...
... C-1 carbon of ethanolamine in phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas no enrichment was observed in the C-2 carbon. In other words, carbon bound to a hydroxyl group in polar heads of phospholipids derived partly from [13C]methanol via Ser and ethanolamine (Mouillon et al., 1999). Finally, the four resonan ...
Cancer stem cells and addicted cancer cells
... no effect on the formation and progression of a tumor. They are only identified in a context-dependent manner, which means that their phenotypic effects are only observed under specific circumstances. For example, the function of the gene can only be altered when the second allele of the same gene i ...
... no effect on the formation and progression of a tumor. They are only identified in a context-dependent manner, which means that their phenotypic effects are only observed under specific circumstances. For example, the function of the gene can only be altered when the second allele of the same gene i ...
SNX9 – a prelude to vesicle release - Journal of Cell Science
... central molecule in this respect is adaptor protein 2 (AP-2), which binds to cargo proteins to be taken up and enriches them in clathrincoated areas; at the same time, AP-2 recruits accessory proteins that are essential for the formation of the vesicular coat and the determination of its shape. At l ...
... central molecule in this respect is adaptor protein 2 (AP-2), which binds to cargo proteins to be taken up and enriches them in clathrincoated areas; at the same time, AP-2 recruits accessory proteins that are essential for the formation of the vesicular coat and the determination of its shape. At l ...
D:\ACTA\3-2003\jozwiak 732.vp
... was determined by dividing the mean absorbance values of the drug-treated samples by the mean absorbance value of the untreated control. The IC50 parameter is the DNR concentration that reduces the absorbance value to 50% of the value in control cells. Measurement of enzyme activities. Cells plated ...
... was determined by dividing the mean absorbance values of the drug-treated samples by the mean absorbance value of the untreated control. The IC50 parameter is the DNR concentration that reduces the absorbance value to 50% of the value in control cells. Measurement of enzyme activities. Cells plated ...
Efficient Procedure and Methods to Determine Critical
... to extract information; 3) no objective tools exist for the determination of critical electroporation parameters, which leads to inaccurate treatment, and loss of critical time and large variation in the electroporation protocols; 4) the development of automated microscopes in recent years has turne ...
... to extract information; 3) no objective tools exist for the determination of critical electroporation parameters, which leads to inaccurate treatment, and loss of critical time and large variation in the electroporation protocols; 4) the development of automated microscopes in recent years has turne ...
PDF
... Fig. 1. The apical ECM differs between excretory tube types. (A,B)Schematics of the late threefold or early L1 excretory system. (A)Lateral view. (B)Cross sections. Cuticle lines the duct and pore lumen. In all schematics, canal cell is red, duct cell is yellow, and pore cell is blue. Green indic ...
... Fig. 1. The apical ECM differs between excretory tube types. (A,B)Schematics of the late threefold or early L1 excretory system. (A)Lateral view. (B)Cross sections. Cuticle lines the duct and pore lumen. In all schematics, canal cell is red, duct cell is yellow, and pore cell is blue. Green indic ...
Dissection of autophagy in tobacco BY-2 cells
... which are formed by the fusion of autophagosomes with the preexisting vacuole, although the structures in BY-2 cells were larger than those in yeast cells. Similar images have been reported in cells of Arabidopsis roots and hypocotyls treated with concanamycin, and in these reports, cytoplasmic drop ...
... which are formed by the fusion of autophagosomes with the preexisting vacuole, although the structures in BY-2 cells were larger than those in yeast cells. Similar images have been reported in cells of Arabidopsis roots and hypocotyls treated with concanamycin, and in these reports, cytoplasmic drop ...
Autocrine Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor in Repair of Radiation
... above. These mild conditions of trypsinization were sufficient to detach generated by a computer-assisted program (27). This program analyzes the cells but did not injure, stimulate, or affect cell functions in a the cellular survival after irradiation from the raw data of colony counts detectable w ...
... above. These mild conditions of trypsinization were sufficient to detach generated by a computer-assisted program (27). This program analyzes the cells but did not injure, stimulate, or affect cell functions in a the cellular survival after irradiation from the raw data of colony counts detectable w ...
Transcripts of the npm-alk fusion gene in anaplastic large cell
... be a specific marker for this form of lymphoma, andtoprovide a clue as toits pathogenesis. However, the reported incidence of the t(2;S) is highly variable in ALCL,probably due tovariablemethods of case selection in the various studies. The cloning of the breakpoint in the t(2;5)(p23;q3S) was a sign ...
... be a specific marker for this form of lymphoma, andtoprovide a clue as toits pathogenesis. However, the reported incidence of the t(2;S) is highly variable in ALCL,probably due tovariablemethods of case selection in the various studies. The cloning of the breakpoint in the t(2;5)(p23;q3S) was a sign ...
Short Article Zebrafish Slow Muscle Cell Migration Induces a Wave
... migrating slow muscle cells will be long as well (Figures 3C⬘ and 3C″, cell 1). Usually, however, wild-type cells transplanted to a wild-type host that are lateral to the migrating slow muscle cell zone are short (Figures 3C⬘ and 3C″, cells 2 and 3) (n ⫽ 129 transplanted cells, 7 hosts, 3 experiment ...
... migrating slow muscle cells will be long as well (Figures 3C⬘ and 3C″, cell 1). Usually, however, wild-type cells transplanted to a wild-type host that are lateral to the migrating slow muscle cell zone are short (Figures 3C⬘ and 3C″, cells 2 and 3) (n ⫽ 129 transplanted cells, 7 hosts, 3 experiment ...
Intrahepatic expression of the hepatic stellate cell marker ®broblast
... Other markers of human HSCs have been identi®ed that may identify phenotypic subsets more closely associated with the presence of ®brosis. Recently, we reported ®broblast activation protein (FAP) expression on a subset of activated human HSCs at the tissue-remodelling interface of cirrhotic liver (1 ...
... Other markers of human HSCs have been identi®ed that may identify phenotypic subsets more closely associated with the presence of ®brosis. Recently, we reported ®broblast activation protein (FAP) expression on a subset of activated human HSCs at the tissue-remodelling interface of cirrhotic liver (1 ...
Correlating single cell motility with population growth dynamics
... the bulk fluid volumes handled in bioreactors, motility of individual bacterial cells is not considered to influence bioreactor operations. However, with increasing interest in localized fluid flow inside reactors, along with the bulk flow, it is important to ask the question whether individual moti ...
... the bulk fluid volumes handled in bioreactors, motility of individual bacterial cells is not considered to influence bioreactor operations. However, with increasing interest in localized fluid flow inside reactors, along with the bulk flow, it is important to ask the question whether individual moti ...
Enzymatic lysis of microbial cells
... (Smith et al. 2000), Staphylococcus aureus (Foster 1995), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Lopez et al. 2000). Typically, autolysins have a modular structure, with a N-terminal signal peptide followed by a second domain, which contains the active site. In addition, these proteins harbor repeat motifs f ...
... (Smith et al. 2000), Staphylococcus aureus (Foster 1995), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Lopez et al. 2000). Typically, autolysins have a modular structure, with a N-terminal signal peptide followed by a second domain, which contains the active site. In addition, these proteins harbor repeat motifs f ...
Glycan-independent Role of Calnexin in the Intracellular
... thesis of a longer altered protein (inherited peripheral mutation database IPNMDB, molgen-www.uia.ac.be/CMTMutations/). Other mutations are predicted to alter the splicing process and generate a nonfunctional protein. Overall, Gas3/ PMP22 point mutations responsible for hereditary neuropathy with li ...
... thesis of a longer altered protein (inherited peripheral mutation database IPNMDB, molgen-www.uia.ac.be/CMTMutations/). Other mutations are predicted to alter the splicing process and generate a nonfunctional protein. Overall, Gas3/ PMP22 point mutations responsible for hereditary neuropathy with li ...
The lipid phosphatase LPP3 regulates extra
... mutation miles apart results in a failure of the heart primordia to migrate to the midline and subsequently fuse. The altered gene encodes a protein with high homology to the ...
... mutation miles apart results in a failure of the heart primordia to migrate to the midline and subsequently fuse. The altered gene encodes a protein with high homology to the ...
The Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin binds to T cells via
... induce down-regulation of the putative receptor, although no variation in the levels of either the 7 integrin or the TCR–CD3 complex was observed (Fig. S1 A). Together, the data suggest that CyaA binds to T cells via LFA-1. The fact that CyaA binding was enhanced in activated T cells (Fig. 1 E) sug ...
... induce down-regulation of the putative receptor, although no variation in the levels of either the 7 integrin or the TCR–CD3 complex was observed (Fig. S1 A). Together, the data suggest that CyaA binds to T cells via LFA-1. The fact that CyaA binding was enhanced in activated T cells (Fig. 1 E) sug ...
06Gastrulationtxt
... Gastrulation - The point in embryogenesis where the basic organization of the organism is established. ...
... Gastrulation - The point in embryogenesis where the basic organization of the organism is established. ...
- Lorentz Center
... The prevailing paradigm for vertebrate segmentation, does not address the issue of cleavage and mechanical separation is viewed as of secondary importance. It is believed that the principal role is played by a cellular oscillator which interacts with a traveling wave of morphogens and in this way pr ...
... The prevailing paradigm for vertebrate segmentation, does not address the issue of cleavage and mechanical separation is viewed as of secondary importance. It is believed that the principal role is played by a cellular oscillator which interacts with a traveling wave of morphogens and in this way pr ...
Patterns of pathogenesis: discrimination of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes by the innate immune system.
... of type I IFNs into the serum by plasmacytoid dendritic cells occurs uniquely downstream of TLR signaling. Both cytosolic and TLR-mediated production of type I IFNs appear to play essential roles in distinct contexts (Delale et al., 2005; Kato et al., 2005; Krug et al., 2004). Taken together, numero ...
... of type I IFNs into the serum by plasmacytoid dendritic cells occurs uniquely downstream of TLR signaling. Both cytosolic and TLR-mediated production of type I IFNs appear to play essential roles in distinct contexts (Delale et al., 2005; Kato et al., 2005; Krug et al., 2004). Taken together, numero ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.