The nucleolus through the years
... processing. However, further studies added to them a rediscovered functional compartment – the perinucleolar chromatin region – related to the transcription of messenger and transfer RNA’s, which are subjects of further studies (Pederson 1998). In earlier ultrastructural studies the proportion of th ...
... processing. However, further studies added to them a rediscovered functional compartment – the perinucleolar chromatin region – related to the transcription of messenger and transfer RNA’s, which are subjects of further studies (Pederson 1998). In earlier ultrastructural studies the proportion of th ...
Improper chromosome synapsis is associated with
... the tissue and hybridization of the probe was performed as described (Bass et al. 1997) except for the following modifications. The anthers were only fixed for 45 min and after FISH and washes, the polyacrylamide anther pads were incubated in antibody blocking solution (Boehringer Mannheim) for 1 h ...
... the tissue and hybridization of the probe was performed as described (Bass et al. 1997) except for the following modifications. The anthers were only fixed for 45 min and after FISH and washes, the polyacrylamide anther pads were incubated in antibody blocking solution (Boehringer Mannheim) for 1 h ...
Drosophila Xpd Regulates Cdk7 Localization, Mitotic Kinase
... Drosophila embryos after nuclear cycle 8 [19], suggesting a role of Cdk7/CAK in this stage of development. Zygotic transcription is not required for proper nuclear division during early embryonic development of Drosophila [20]. This stage would therefore be ideal to further clarify the cell cycle fu ...
... Drosophila embryos after nuclear cycle 8 [19], suggesting a role of Cdk7/CAK in this stage of development. Zygotic transcription is not required for proper nuclear division during early embryonic development of Drosophila [20]. This stage would therefore be ideal to further clarify the cell cycle fu ...
G α 12/13 regulate epiboly by inhibiting E
... defect was observed in E-cadherin–deficient embryos, with cells bulging and detaching from the embryonic surface (Babb and Marrs, 2004; Kane et al., 2005; McFarland et al., 2005; Shimizu et al., 2005). E-cadherin is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that is indirectly linked to the actin cytoskeleton t ...
... defect was observed in E-cadherin–deficient embryos, with cells bulging and detaching from the embryonic surface (Babb and Marrs, 2004; Kane et al., 2005; McFarland et al., 2005; Shimizu et al., 2005). E-cadherin is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that is indirectly linked to the actin cytoskeleton t ...
Effects of cytochalasin B on meiosis and development of fertilized
... cytochalasin B concentrations ranging from 01 to 20/tg/ml. Their behaviour was studied either /// vivo or in acetocarmine squash preparations. 2. Polar body extrusion, cytokinesis and polar lobe formation are completely inhibited by cytochalasin B concentrations as low as 0-3-0-5 /*g/ml. 3. Caryotyp ...
... cytochalasin B concentrations ranging from 01 to 20/tg/ml. Their behaviour was studied either /// vivo or in acetocarmine squash preparations. 2. Polar body extrusion, cytokinesis and polar lobe formation are completely inhibited by cytochalasin B concentrations as low as 0-3-0-5 /*g/ml. 3. Caryotyp ...
Evidence that Shh cooperates with a retinoic acid inducible co
... In the vertebrate embryo, several signaling centers have been identified. One such signaling regions is a group of cells located at the posterior region of the limb bud known as the polarizing region or ZPA. Signaling by the polarizing region is involved in establishing the anteroposterior patternin ...
... In the vertebrate embryo, several signaling centers have been identified. One such signaling regions is a group of cells located at the posterior region of the limb bud known as the polarizing region or ZPA. Signaling by the polarizing region is involved in establishing the anteroposterior patternin ...
Homeostatic proliferation generates long- lived natural killer
... the first week and were readily recovered in the recipient several months later (Fig. S2). The donor cells in these experiments were sorted to high purity (>99% NK1.1+ CD3 splenocytes) to ensure that hematopoietic stem cells residing in the donor splenocyte population were not being cotransferred w ...
... the first week and were readily recovered in the recipient several months later (Fig. S2). The donor cells in these experiments were sorted to high purity (>99% NK1.1+ CD3 splenocytes) to ensure that hematopoietic stem cells residing in the donor splenocyte population were not being cotransferred w ...
Structure and Organelles
... Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. – rough endoplasmic reticulum – smooth endoplasmic reticulum ...
... Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. – rough endoplasmic reticulum – smooth endoplasmic reticulum ...
Glucose Metabolism in T Cells and Monocytes: New Perspectives in
... and survival (Macintyre et al., 2014). Glycolysis results in the production of pyruvate from glucose with only a net of two adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) per molecule of glucose. By contrast if pyruvate proceeds through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) to oxidative phosphorylation, an addit ...
... and survival (Macintyre et al., 2014). Glycolysis results in the production of pyruvate from glucose with only a net of two adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) per molecule of glucose. By contrast if pyruvate proceeds through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) to oxidative phosphorylation, an addit ...
Head-tail patterning of the vertebrate embryo: one, two or many
... 1987; Lall and Patel, 2001; Huynh and St Johnston, 2004; Tautz, 2004), maternal gene products become distributed in a graded fashion along the long axis of the cytoplasm of the oval-shaped fertilized egg. The antero-posteror axis is specified maternally and is related to the axis of the mother, the ...
... 1987; Lall and Patel, 2001; Huynh and St Johnston, 2004; Tautz, 2004), maternal gene products become distributed in a graded fashion along the long axis of the cytoplasm of the oval-shaped fertilized egg. The antero-posteror axis is specified maternally and is related to the axis of the mother, the ...
Chapter 5
... phospholipids relative to their lipid and nonlipid neighbors in the bilayer. Because phospholipids interact relatively weakly with one another, individual phospholipids and unanchored proteins are comparatively free to move about within the membrane, like ships floating on a lake. This can be demons ...
... phospholipids relative to their lipid and nonlipid neighbors in the bilayer. Because phospholipids interact relatively weakly with one another, individual phospholipids and unanchored proteins are comparatively free to move about within the membrane, like ships floating on a lake. This can be demons ...
PDF
... of these tissues results in successful outgrowths of segmental plate and somitic mesoderm, but very poor outgrowth of the early primary mesoderm (Sanders & Prasad, 1983). In this culture environment, the primary mesoderm cells do not respond favourably to the addition of exogenous fibronectin. The q ...
... of these tissues results in successful outgrowths of segmental plate and somitic mesoderm, but very poor outgrowth of the early primary mesoderm (Sanders & Prasad, 1983). In this culture environment, the primary mesoderm cells do not respond favourably to the addition of exogenous fibronectin. The q ...
The anammoxosome: an intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox
... circular forms are gradually restored to flattened peripheral membranes. Methanotrophs contain extensive intracytoplasmic membrane systems that are related to their methaneoxidizing ability [9]. They are divided in two major groups based on intracytoplasmic cell structure. Type I methanotrophs, belon ...
... circular forms are gradually restored to flattened peripheral membranes. Methanotrophs contain extensive intracytoplasmic membrane systems that are related to their methaneoxidizing ability [9]. They are divided in two major groups based on intracytoplasmic cell structure. Type I methanotrophs, belon ...
A Role for Eosinophils in Adaptive Humoral Immunity
... interleukins, chemokines and RNAses (collectively known as eokines), which can be rapidly released during an inflammatory response to foreign proteins. Their accumulation and release of diverse eokines during the inflammation that accompanies an anamnestic response suggests an immunoregulatory funct ...
... interleukins, chemokines and RNAses (collectively known as eokines), which can be rapidly released during an inflammatory response to foreign proteins. Their accumulation and release of diverse eokines during the inflammation that accompanies an anamnestic response suggests an immunoregulatory funct ...
Drosophila follicle cells are patterned by multiple
... shared ovariole. Patterning of the egg chamber relies on a continuous crosstalk between somatic and germline cells, which through processing and refinement of positional information serves to drive a diverse series of morphogenetic processes and cell-fate determinations. These include establishment ...
... shared ovariole. Patterning of the egg chamber relies on a continuous crosstalk between somatic and germline cells, which through processing and refinement of positional information serves to drive a diverse series of morphogenetic processes and cell-fate determinations. These include establishment ...
The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of progress
... induced plasmolysis in Characeae cells by using an icecooled medium containing a Ca2+ chelator. By plasmolysis under such severe conditions, the plasma membrane is irreversibly permeabilized but the tonoplast remains intact. Because the cytoplasm is sandwiched between the tonoplast and the perforate ...
... induced plasmolysis in Characeae cells by using an icecooled medium containing a Ca2+ chelator. By plasmolysis under such severe conditions, the plasma membrane is irreversibly permeabilized but the tonoplast remains intact. Because the cytoplasm is sandwiched between the tonoplast and the perforate ...
Autophagy in the Eukaryotic Cell - CiteSeerX
... pathways. Modulation of this system is accomplished in part through phosphorylation or dephosphorylation reactions and through interactions with factors specific for macroautophagy or for the Cvt pathway (45, 53, 100). However, this general scenario is complicated by the fact that other protein kina ...
... pathways. Modulation of this system is accomplished in part through phosphorylation or dephosphorylation reactions and through interactions with factors specific for macroautophagy or for the Cvt pathway (45, 53, 100). However, this general scenario is complicated by the fact that other protein kina ...
The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of
... induced plasmolysis in Characeae cells by using an icecooled medium containing a Ca2+ chelator. By plasmolysis under such severe conditions, the plasma membrane is irreversibly permeabilized but the tonoplast remains intact. Because the cytoplasm is sandwiched between the tonoplast and the perforate ...
... induced plasmolysis in Characeae cells by using an icecooled medium containing a Ca2+ chelator. By plasmolysis under such severe conditions, the plasma membrane is irreversibly permeabilized but the tonoplast remains intact. Because the cytoplasm is sandwiched between the tonoplast and the perforate ...
Plant Nutrition: Root Transporters on the Move
... Modulating the amount and the localization of these membrane transport proteins appears as a way to drive their activity and is essential to maintain nutrient homeostasis in plants. This control first involves the delivery of newly synthesized proteins to the plasma membrane by establishing check poi ...
... Modulating the amount and the localization of these membrane transport proteins appears as a way to drive their activity and is essential to maintain nutrient homeostasis in plants. This control first involves the delivery of newly synthesized proteins to the plasma membrane by establishing check poi ...
Membrane trafficking and polar growth in root hairs and pollen tubes
... form in which the cell elongates unidirectionally and only at the very tip. This extreme form of polarized growth, or tip-growth, sustains prodigious rates of elongation: Root hairs grow at rates of 10–40 nm sÿ1 (Galway et al., 1997; Wymer et al., 1997), comparable to that of animal neuron growth co ...
... form in which the cell elongates unidirectionally and only at the very tip. This extreme form of polarized growth, or tip-growth, sustains prodigious rates of elongation: Root hairs grow at rates of 10–40 nm sÿ1 (Galway et al., 1997; Wymer et al., 1997), comparable to that of animal neuron growth co ...
A proteomic chronology of gene expression through the cell cycle in
... Biochemistry | Cell biology ...
... Biochemistry | Cell biology ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.