CDP1, a novel component of chloroplast division site
... lines had no obvious phenotype in the size and number of chloroplasts (data not shown). In transgenic lines with a severe phenotype, mesophyll cells contain only a few enlarged chloroplasts (Figure 5B and 5C), which were clearly distinguishable from that of the wild type (Figure 5A). Furthermore, we ...
... lines had no obvious phenotype in the size and number of chloroplasts (data not shown). In transgenic lines with a severe phenotype, mesophyll cells contain only a few enlarged chloroplasts (Figure 5B and 5C), which were clearly distinguishable from that of the wild type (Figure 5A). Furthermore, we ...
Fungi represent a group of heterotrophic living organisms which are
... karyogamy. The fused hypha that contains two types of nuclei (+ and -) forms a dikaryon. It grows for sometime, a condition called as heterokaryosis. The latter is similar to being diploid as the + nuclei may carry different alleles than – nuclei. Ultimately, the karyogamy occurs, wherein the two nu ...
... karyogamy. The fused hypha that contains two types of nuclei (+ and -) forms a dikaryon. It grows for sometime, a condition called as heterokaryosis. The latter is similar to being diploid as the + nuclei may carry different alleles than – nuclei. Ultimately, the karyogamy occurs, wherein the two nu ...
Rat embryonic ectoderm as renal isograft - Development
... Pedersen, 1978; Libbus & Hsu, 1980; Uno, 1982). The transformation of epithelial cells into mesenchymal ones is a phenomenon of general importance in developmental biology. It can be induced in some embryonic epithelia by appropriate culture conditions (Hay, 1978; Greenberg & Hay, 1982). It is not y ...
... Pedersen, 1978; Libbus & Hsu, 1980; Uno, 1982). The transformation of epithelial cells into mesenchymal ones is a phenomenon of general importance in developmental biology. It can be induced in some embryonic epithelia by appropriate culture conditions (Hay, 1978; Greenberg & Hay, 1982). It is not y ...
Innate response to human cytomegalovirus pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
... enterica-infection of MΦ it has been shown that IFN-γ promotes intracellular killing of the bacteria and that response is defective in MΦ from patients with IFN-γ receptor deficiency [23, 24]. Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterium that causes the Q fever, an infective endocarditis. Patient ...
... enterica-infection of MΦ it has been shown that IFN-γ promotes intracellular killing of the bacteria and that response is defective in MΦ from patients with IFN-γ receptor deficiency [23, 24]. Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterium that causes the Q fever, an infective endocarditis. Patient ...
The Mechanosensitive TRPV4 Ion Channel
... • Infection-associated lung injury leads to edema and inflammatory cell infiltration causing increased matrix stiffness and secretion of cytokines Molyneaux et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2014 Murray et al. Nat Rev Immunol , 2001 Wynn et al. Nature, 2013 ...
... • Infection-associated lung injury leads to edema and inflammatory cell infiltration causing increased matrix stiffness and secretion of cytokines Molyneaux et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2014 Murray et al. Nat Rev Immunol , 2001 Wynn et al. Nature, 2013 ...
the diversity of plastid - University of Wisconsin Oshkosh
... with its higher level of tissue complexity, that has fully availed itself of the diversity available in plastid evolution. Seeds, meristematic tissues, and several other tissues contain proplastids, the smallest and least complicated member of the plastid family, and the ontological precursor to all ...
... with its higher level of tissue complexity, that has fully availed itself of the diversity available in plastid evolution. Seeds, meristematic tissues, and several other tissues contain proplastids, the smallest and least complicated member of the plastid family, and the ontological precursor to all ...
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... oogenesis. In the absence of egh or brn function, formation of the follicular epithelium is less efficient, frequently resulting in a failure to individuate germline cysts. These genes are also essential for maintaining the epithelial characteristics of the follicular epithelium once it is formed. W ...
... oogenesis. In the absence of egh or brn function, formation of the follicular epithelium is less efficient, frequently resulting in a failure to individuate germline cysts. These genes are also essential for maintaining the epithelial characteristics of the follicular epithelium once it is formed. W ...
Ion-channel blocker sensitivity of voltage-gated
... classified electrophysiologically into five classes on the basis of Ca2+ currents: L-, P/Q-, N-, R- and T-types (Catterall, 2000; Yamakage & Namiki, 2002). All but one class (T-type) of VGCCs is inhibited by specific blockers, and these blockers are frequently used to classify VGCCs of interest. VGC ...
... classified electrophysiologically into five classes on the basis of Ca2+ currents: L-, P/Q-, N-, R- and T-types (Catterall, 2000; Yamakage & Namiki, 2002). All but one class (T-type) of VGCCs is inhibited by specific blockers, and these blockers are frequently used to classify VGCCs of interest. VGC ...
Endomembrane proton pumps: connecting membrane and vesicle
... [5]. Vma-mutants fail to grow at neutral pH, but surprisingly the identity of the cellular organelle whose acidification is essential is still not known. The fact that other yeast mutants that have defects in vacuolar acidification are viable at neutral pH argues, however, that it is not the vacuol ...
... [5]. Vma-mutants fail to grow at neutral pH, but surprisingly the identity of the cellular organelle whose acidification is essential is still not known. The fact that other yeast mutants that have defects in vacuolar acidification are viable at neutral pH argues, however, that it is not the vacuol ...
Bleaching Chemiclas for the Kraft Pulping Industry
... THE CHLORINE/CAUSTIC SODA MANUFACTURING PROCESS These two chemicals are produced concurrently. The three processes outlined below have all been used to produce them commercially, although only the latter process is still in use in New Zealand. The mercury cell process This is the oldest process. In ...
... THE CHLORINE/CAUSTIC SODA MANUFACTURING PROCESS These two chemicals are produced concurrently. The three processes outlined below have all been used to produce them commercially, although only the latter process is still in use in New Zealand. The mercury cell process This is the oldest process. In ...
Monolignol glucosides as intermediate compounds in
... necessary for conversion of monolignols (Figure 1, 2) to their glucosides (Figure 1, 3), did not inhibit lignification in Arabidopsis (Lanot et al. 2006). Knockout mutants of Arabidopsis for genes supposed to have affinity to β-glucosidase displayed a significant increase in coniferin content but d ...
... necessary for conversion of monolignols (Figure 1, 2) to their glucosides (Figure 1, 3), did not inhibit lignification in Arabidopsis (Lanot et al. 2006). Knockout mutants of Arabidopsis for genes supposed to have affinity to β-glucosidase displayed a significant increase in coniferin content but d ...
Fate of primitive streak cells
... plate and yolk sac mesoderm. The number of embryos and the relative proportion of cells colonizing the various embryonic tissues is summarized in Table 1. The results of the present PSmapping study can be integrated with those of the clonal analysis of epiblast cells (Lawson et al., 1991; Lawson and ...
... plate and yolk sac mesoderm. The number of embryos and the relative proportion of cells colonizing the various embryonic tissues is summarized in Table 1. The results of the present PSmapping study can be integrated with those of the clonal analysis of epiblast cells (Lawson et al., 1991; Lawson and ...
TR3 is preferentially expressed by bulge epithelial stem
... proliferation. Our results demonstrate that TR3 is localized to the stem cell compartment in the human hair follicles. Androgen increases TR3 expression in cultured keratinocytes. Our data suggest that TR3 mediates at least part of the inhibitory effect of androgens on keratinocytes. Laboratory Inve ...
... proliferation. Our results demonstrate that TR3 is localized to the stem cell compartment in the human hair follicles. Androgen increases TR3 expression in cultured keratinocytes. Our data suggest that TR3 mediates at least part of the inhibitory effect of androgens on keratinocytes. Laboratory Inve ...
Msx genes define a population of mural cell - HAL
... layers of the blood vessel whereas Msx2 is inactivated only in the VSMCs. The specific αSm22Cre transgene we used was chosen to inactivate Msx2lox because of its early activation in mural cells (El-Bizri et al., 2008). The RosamT/mG allele ubiquitously produces a membranebound Tomato-red protein, wh ...
... layers of the blood vessel whereas Msx2 is inactivated only in the VSMCs. The specific αSm22Cre transgene we used was chosen to inactivate Msx2lox because of its early activation in mural cells (El-Bizri et al., 2008). The RosamT/mG allele ubiquitously produces a membranebound Tomato-red protein, wh ...
Chapter 2 Inositol and Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharide
... the rMIO protein in bacteria. Their enzyme, a 32.7-kDa protein, lacked significant sequence to other known proteins. Native pig MIOase appears to complex with GlcUA reductase to produce L-gulonate, the second intermediate leading to AsA in AsA-synthesizing animals. The pathogenic yeast, Cryptococcus ...
... the rMIO protein in bacteria. Their enzyme, a 32.7-kDa protein, lacked significant sequence to other known proteins. Native pig MIOase appears to complex with GlcUA reductase to produce L-gulonate, the second intermediate leading to AsA in AsA-synthesizing animals. The pathogenic yeast, Cryptococcus ...
Thyroid from Stem cells Nature 2012
... iodide trapping and thyroid hormone synthesis. We therefore assessed day-22 cell cultures derived from the sequential Dox–rhTSH protocol for their capacity to organify iodide. The first evidence for active iodide organification was obtained by immunofluorescence detection of iodinated TG (TG-I) with ...
... iodide trapping and thyroid hormone synthesis. We therefore assessed day-22 cell cultures derived from the sequential Dox–rhTSH protocol for their capacity to organify iodide. The first evidence for active iodide organification was obtained by immunofluorescence detection of iodinated TG (TG-I) with ...
Inositol and Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharide Biogenesis
... the rMIO protein in bacteria. Their enzyme, a 32.7-kDa protein, lacked significant sequence to other known proteins. Native pig MIOase appears to complex with GlcUA reductase to produce L-gulonate, the second intermediate leading to AsA in AsA-synthesizing animals. The pathogenic yeast, Cryptococcus ...
... the rMIO protein in bacteria. Their enzyme, a 32.7-kDa protein, lacked significant sequence to other known proteins. Native pig MIOase appears to complex with GlcUA reductase to produce L-gulonate, the second intermediate leading to AsA in AsA-synthesizing animals. The pathogenic yeast, Cryptococcus ...
Human Cardiac-Derived Adherent Proliferating Cells Reduce
... Background: Under conventional heart failure therapy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy typically has a progressive course, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes. We recently isolated and identified novel cardiac-derived cells from human cardiac biopsies: c ...
... Background: Under conventional heart failure therapy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy typically has a progressive course, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes. We recently isolated and identified novel cardiac-derived cells from human cardiac biopsies: c ...
the scf ubiquitin ligase: insights into a molecular machine
... The distribution of genes that encode F-box proteins (FBPs) in several genomes is evident from genomic analysis (see figure), with several mammalian FBPs having important orthologues in lower organisms113. The figure shows the taxonomic distribution of FBPs from the InterPro database (see the online ...
... The distribution of genes that encode F-box proteins (FBPs) in several genomes is evident from genomic analysis (see figure), with several mammalian FBPs having important orthologues in lower organisms113. The figure shows the taxonomic distribution of FBPs from the InterPro database (see the online ...
Firing Properties of Hippocampal Neurons in a Visually Symmetrical
... Thesefindings are compatible with thosefrom previous studabout an environment after someor all the controlling stimuli iesbecausethey show that the firing of place cellsis controlled have been removed (McNaughton, 1989). by multiple cues.They go a stepfurther, however, in illustrating The present st ...
... Thesefindings are compatible with thosefrom previous studabout an environment after someor all the controlling stimuli iesbecausethey show that the firing of place cellsis controlled have been removed (McNaughton, 1989). by multiple cues.They go a stepfurther, however, in illustrating The present st ...
Cell size trade-offs govern light exploitation strategies in
... energy for metabolism, k is the Boltzmann’s constant (8.62 eV K-1), T is temperature and b is the size scaling exponent, measured as the log-log slope of metabolic rate per cell as a function of cell volume (Kleiber, 1947; Hemmingsen, 1960; Peters, 1983; Gillooly et al., 2001). The size scaling expo ...
... energy for metabolism, k is the Boltzmann’s constant (8.62 eV K-1), T is temperature and b is the size scaling exponent, measured as the log-log slope of metabolic rate per cell as a function of cell volume (Kleiber, 1947; Hemmingsen, 1960; Peters, 1983; Gillooly et al., 2001). The size scaling expo ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.