Location of the Cell Bodies of the Superior Rectus and Inferior
... spikes (see below) except in the case of the whole oculomotor nerve stimulation, The response consisted of an early, small positive component followed by a large negative deflection; a third long lasting positive wave was occasionally seen. Actually, with the exception of SR stimulation, this early ...
... spikes (see below) except in the case of the whole oculomotor nerve stimulation, The response consisted of an early, small positive component followed by a large negative deflection; a third long lasting positive wave was occasionally seen. Actually, with the exception of SR stimulation, this early ...
A Nanobody-Based System Using Fluorescent Proteins as Scaffolds
... In order to use GFP as a dimerizer, one has to identify GBP pairs that can bind to GFP at the same time. Suitable GBP pairs could then bring together fusion protein partners on the GFP scaffold. We obtained six GBPs for this purpose (Kirchhofer et al., 2010). Several GBPs were reported to bind addit ...
... In order to use GFP as a dimerizer, one has to identify GBP pairs that can bind to GFP at the same time. Suitable GBP pairs could then bring together fusion protein partners on the GFP scaffold. We obtained six GBPs for this purpose (Kirchhofer et al., 2010). Several GBPs were reported to bind addit ...
A mutant Escherichia coli that attaches peptidoglycan to
... of new PG is thought to occur via large multiprotein morphogenic complexes: the elongasome and the divisome, responsible for PG synthesis along the lateral cell body and at the septum, respectively. In order to overcome the scarcity of lipid II and limit its diffusion away from sites of PG growth, b ...
... of new PG is thought to occur via large multiprotein morphogenic complexes: the elongasome and the divisome, responsible for PG synthesis along the lateral cell body and at the septum, respectively. In order to overcome the scarcity of lipid II and limit its diffusion away from sites of PG growth, b ...
The 14-3-3 gene par-5 is required for germline development and
... functions, and there is still little knowledge about the consequences of 14-3-3 misfunction at the organism level (Porter et al., 2006). 14-3-3 proteins are necessary for proper cell cycle arrest following DNA damage in yeast, flies and mammals (Hermeking and Benzinger, 2006). This function is media ...
... functions, and there is still little knowledge about the consequences of 14-3-3 misfunction at the organism level (Porter et al., 2006). 14-3-3 proteins are necessary for proper cell cycle arrest following DNA damage in yeast, flies and mammals (Hermeking and Benzinger, 2006). This function is media ...
Unprocessed Proinsulin Promotes Cell Survival During
... a strategy that has been successfully employed in the embryo (15,16). Dead cells found in the neurulating chick embryo (E1.5) were globally scarce (1.4 ⫾ 0.4% of total embryonic cells; see also Morales et al. [8]). E1.5 embryos treated in ovo with AS IR presented a greater proportion of apoptotic ce ...
... a strategy that has been successfully employed in the embryo (15,16). Dead cells found in the neurulating chick embryo (E1.5) were globally scarce (1.4 ⫾ 0.4% of total embryonic cells; see also Morales et al. [8]). E1.5 embryos treated in ovo with AS IR presented a greater proportion of apoptotic ce ...
The cell biology of bone metabolism
... Considerable progress has been made in identifying morphogens, signalling pathways and transcriptional regulators mediating differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoprogenitors (fig 3). During skeletal development osteoblast differentiation and deposition of bone matrix occurs, and involv ...
... Considerable progress has been made in identifying morphogens, signalling pathways and transcriptional regulators mediating differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoprogenitors (fig 3). During skeletal development osteoblast differentiation and deposition of bone matrix occurs, and involv ...
Ccbe1 regulates Vegfc-mediated induction of Vegfr3
... terminus of the protein. The protein localizes to secretory vesicles (Alders et al., 2009), and is secreted to the ECM, where it binds proteins such as collagens or vitronectin (Bos et al., 2011). Consistently, Ccbe1 functions non-cell-autonomously in zebrafish (Hogan et al., 2009a). There are no de ...
... terminus of the protein. The protein localizes to secretory vesicles (Alders et al., 2009), and is secreted to the ECM, where it binds proteins such as collagens or vitronectin (Bos et al., 2011). Consistently, Ccbe1 functions non-cell-autonomously in zebrafish (Hogan et al., 2009a). There are no de ...
univERsity oF copEnhAGEn
... 2011). Also pH sensors have been useful in plants. The pHluorin sensors have been used to document in detail cytosolic pH gradients and oscillations in growing pollen tubes (Michard et al., 2008), and cell wall pH has been measured by use of pHluorins (Gao et al., 2004) or apo-pHusion (Gjetting et a ...
... 2011). Also pH sensors have been useful in plants. The pHluorin sensors have been used to document in detail cytosolic pH gradients and oscillations in growing pollen tubes (Michard et al., 2008), and cell wall pH has been measured by use of pHluorins (Gao et al., 2004) or apo-pHusion (Gjetting et a ...
Imaging neural crest cell dynamics during formation
... the neighboring SG sites. Here we document this segregation process in detail and reveal for the first time the highly dynamic filopodial activity that transforms an initially continuous stream of cells into discrete, segregated SG. By imaging crest cells we also found that rerouting of neural crest ...
... the neighboring SG sites. Here we document this segregation process in detail and reveal for the first time the highly dynamic filopodial activity that transforms an initially continuous stream of cells into discrete, segregated SG. By imaging crest cells we also found that rerouting of neural crest ...
Imaging neural crest cell dynamics during formation
... the neighboring SG sites. Here we document this segregation process in detail and reveal for the first time the highly dynamic filopodial activity that transforms an initially continuous stream of cells into discrete, segregated SG. By imaging crest cells we also found that rerouting of neural crest ...
... the neighboring SG sites. Here we document this segregation process in detail and reveal for the first time the highly dynamic filopodial activity that transforms an initially continuous stream of cells into discrete, segregated SG. By imaging crest cells we also found that rerouting of neural crest ...
From the regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis to bacterial growth
... in the sacculus to allow the newly attached material to insert into the layer without increasing its thickness. Peptidoglycan cleavage is also required for reductive cell division and cell separation. E. coli has at least 13 periplasmic peptidoglycan hydrolases (autolysins), which can collectively c ...
... in the sacculus to allow the newly attached material to insert into the layer without increasing its thickness. Peptidoglycan cleavage is also required for reductive cell division and cell separation. E. coli has at least 13 periplasmic peptidoglycan hydrolases (autolysins), which can collectively c ...
Role of the RNA-binding protein Roquin in immune homeostasis
... range of specificities has the potential to recognize components of the own organism, and several self-tolerance mechanisms have evolved to control the activity of the autoreactive cells. Defects in tolerance pathways have been described in several autoimmune diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus i ...
... range of specificities has the potential to recognize components of the own organism, and several self-tolerance mechanisms have evolved to control the activity of the autoreactive cells. Defects in tolerance pathways have been described in several autoimmune diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus i ...
video slide
... -Microscopy and differential centrifugation are two powerful methods to examine cellular structure and function. -Optimal size for most cells is generally low to optimize surface area:volume ratio. -All cells have plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA and ribosomes. ...
... -Microscopy and differential centrifugation are two powerful methods to examine cellular structure and function. -Optimal size for most cells is generally low to optimize surface area:volume ratio. -All cells have plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA and ribosomes. ...
Drug resistance patterns and susceptibility to
... of tumour cell mitochondria (Pedersen, 1978), Fig. Effect of aflatoxin B1 (20-80 pg/ml) on inulin uptake formation of aberrant cells (Beuchat and Lecho- (w-m) and intracellular contents leakage measured by OD at and 280 nm (0-0) in E. coli strains B 111Q. wich, 1971), preferential inhibition of gram ...
... of tumour cell mitochondria (Pedersen, 1978), Fig. Effect of aflatoxin B1 (20-80 pg/ml) on inulin uptake formation of aberrant cells (Beuchat and Lecho- (w-m) and intracellular contents leakage measured by OD at and 280 nm (0-0) in E. coli strains B 111Q. wich, 1971), preferential inhibition of gram ...
On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell
... cells, and (ii) that molecular effectors of cell suicide may also perform other functions unrelated to cell death induction and crucial to cell survival. In this review, I will argue that this new level of complexity, implying that there may be no such thing as a `bona fide' genetic death program in ...
... cells, and (ii) that molecular effectors of cell suicide may also perform other functions unrelated to cell death induction and crucial to cell survival. In this review, I will argue that this new level of complexity, implying that there may be no such thing as a `bona fide' genetic death program in ...
Sulfated polysaccharides from marine sponges
... been extensively studied in recent years in order to establish the cellular and molecular aspects of evolution from the unicellular to multicellular animals (Custódio et al. 1998). The first model ...
... been extensively studied in recent years in order to establish the cellular and molecular aspects of evolution from the unicellular to multicellular animals (Custódio et al. 1998). The first model ...
Genomewide Analysis of PRC1 and PRC2 Occupancy Identifies
... In embryonic stem (ES) cells, bivalent chromatin domains with overlapping repressive (H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation) and activating (H3 lysine 4 tri-methylation) histone modifications mark the promoters of more than 2,000 genes. To gain insight into the structure and function of bivalent domains, we ...
... In embryonic stem (ES) cells, bivalent chromatin domains with overlapping repressive (H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation) and activating (H3 lysine 4 tri-methylation) histone modifications mark the promoters of more than 2,000 genes. To gain insight into the structure and function of bivalent domains, we ...
KLF4 N-Terminal Variance Modulates Induced Reprogramming to
... role of transcription factor coordination in driving somatic cells toward pluripotency. Early mechanistic studies using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were conducted through de novo introduction of viral vectors, each expressing an individual (monocistronic) reprogramming factor (Brambrink et al ...
... role of transcription factor coordination in driving somatic cells toward pluripotency. Early mechanistic studies using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were conducted through de novo introduction of viral vectors, each expressing an individual (monocistronic) reprogramming factor (Brambrink et al ...
Isolation of AtSUC2 promoter-GFP
... (Asano et al., 2002; Kerk et al., 2003; Nakazono et al., 2003). Differentially expressed genes were identi®ed in vascular tissues from maize and rice phloem tissues composed of functionally different cell types. These microarray studies and EST collections, however, lacked expression pro®les for the ...
... (Asano et al., 2002; Kerk et al., 2003; Nakazono et al., 2003). Differentially expressed genes were identi®ed in vascular tissues from maize and rice phloem tissues composed of functionally different cell types. These microarray studies and EST collections, however, lacked expression pro®les for the ...
View Full Page PDF - Physiological Reviews
... inflammation and hyperreactivity in response to nonallergic stimuli as well (as modeled in Fig. 1). However, this dichotomous view of the immune response may not be completely accurate, since there is often ambiguity in the type of Th response triggered by most stimuli as well as significant cross-r ...
... inflammation and hyperreactivity in response to nonallergic stimuli as well (as modeled in Fig. 1). However, this dichotomous view of the immune response may not be completely accurate, since there is often ambiguity in the type of Th response triggered by most stimuli as well as significant cross-r ...
Linker histone H1 in early mouse embryogenesis
... cleavage stages. Prior to the mid-blastula transition (MBT) in Xenopus embryos, an embryonic variant H1M (or B4) replaces somatic H1 (Smith et al., 1988; Dimitrov et al., 1993). The high mobility group protein HMG-1, together with the B4 linker histone, are major components of chromatin within the n ...
... cleavage stages. Prior to the mid-blastula transition (MBT) in Xenopus embryos, an embryonic variant H1M (or B4) replaces somatic H1 (Smith et al., 1988; Dimitrov et al., 1993). The high mobility group protein HMG-1, together with the B4 linker histone, are major components of chromatin within the n ...
1. Describe the steps of the scientific method. 2. Define the terms
... Polar molecules like water have partially charged atoms at their ends Hydrogen bonds form when partial opposite charges in different molecules attract each other The partially positive hydrogens of one water molecule are attracted to the partially negative oxygen on another ...
... Polar molecules like water have partially charged atoms at their ends Hydrogen bonds form when partial opposite charges in different molecules attract each other The partially positive hydrogens of one water molecule are attracted to the partially negative oxygen on another ...
07-Feinstein 614.indd - The octopus research group at the Hebrew
... and for other species of octopus (Kier & Smith 1985, Kier 1988, Kier & Stella 2007). We divide the intrinsic muscles into four main groups: dorsal (D), ventral (V) and two lateral groups (LT). Each of the main muscle groups are composed of transverse (T), longitudinal (L) and 3 sets of oblique muscl ...
... and for other species of octopus (Kier & Smith 1985, Kier 1988, Kier & Stella 2007). We divide the intrinsic muscles into four main groups: dorsal (D), ventral (V) and two lateral groups (LT). Each of the main muscle groups are composed of transverse (T), longitudinal (L) and 3 sets of oblique muscl ...
Job Sharing in the Endomembrane System: Vacuolar
... does indeed not contribute to vacuolar acidification under nonstress conditions, in which case we would expect no vacuolar pH difference between vha-a2 vha-a3 and the triple mutant. In contrast, the pH gradient at the tonoplast would be even more reduced in the triple mutant compared with vha-a2 vha- ...
... does indeed not contribute to vacuolar acidification under nonstress conditions, in which case we would expect no vacuolar pH difference between vha-a2 vha-a3 and the triple mutant. In contrast, the pH gradient at the tonoplast would be even more reduced in the triple mutant compared with vha-a2 vha- ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.