Oxidative stress stimulates multiple MAPK signalling pathways and
... (PMA)] and mechanical overload. The two isoforms of JNKs identified (p46-JNK1 and p52-JNK2) were found to be phosphorylated in response to 0.5·mol·l–1 sorbitol, mechanical overload and re-oxygenation following anoxia. p38-MAPK was also stimulated by mechanical overload but was most potently activate ...
... (PMA)] and mechanical overload. The two isoforms of JNKs identified (p46-JNK1 and p52-JNK2) were found to be phosphorylated in response to 0.5·mol·l–1 sorbitol, mechanical overload and re-oxygenation following anoxia. p38-MAPK was also stimulated by mechanical overload but was most potently activate ...
Cell cycle checkpoints in Caenorhabditis elegans
... Figure 16. par-5 (RNAi) causes a more penetrating germline proliferation defect than the par5(it55) mutation........................................................................................................................ 48 Figure 17. par-5 meiotic phenotypes. ............................... ...
... Figure 16. par-5 (RNAi) causes a more penetrating germline proliferation defect than the par5(it55) mutation........................................................................................................................ 48 Figure 17. par-5 meiotic phenotypes. ............................... ...
Force generation by kinesin and myosin cytoskeletal motor proteins
... ADP and ATP-like (bound to the nonhydrolysable ATP analogue, AMP?PNP) structures shows substantial movement of helix a3, which is adjacent to helix a2 following the P-loop. As helix a3 in kinesins is adjacent to a region containing loop L8, which also binds microtubules, it is possible that movement ...
... ADP and ATP-like (bound to the nonhydrolysable ATP analogue, AMP?PNP) structures shows substantial movement of helix a3, which is adjacent to helix a2 following the P-loop. As helix a3 in kinesins is adjacent to a region containing loop L8, which also binds microtubules, it is possible that movement ...
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... platelets to the damaged area and change the charge on their cell membranes to positive. More platelets adhere to the damaged area. The cycle repeats until the damaged area is sealed. What sort of feedback loop is formed? a. This is a positive feedback loop because the response reinforces the initia ...
... platelets to the damaged area and change the charge on their cell membranes to positive. More platelets adhere to the damaged area. The cycle repeats until the damaged area is sealed. What sort of feedback loop is formed? a. This is a positive feedback loop because the response reinforces the initia ...
Low Catecholamine Concentrations Protect Adult Rat Ventricular
... the trophic effects of which are well established (Sadoshima et al., 1995) but which was also recently identified as a potent proapoptotic agent (Kajstura et al., 1997). These observations are also in keeping with our current knowledge of apoptosis, a tightly regulated biological process controlled ...
... the trophic effects of which are well established (Sadoshima et al., 1995) but which was also recently identified as a potent proapoptotic agent (Kajstura et al., 1997). These observations are also in keeping with our current knowledge of apoptosis, a tightly regulated biological process controlled ...
Phototropism: Growing towards an Understanding of
... to allow establishment of a trans-organ gradient of the hormone. Photosignaling also impinges on the transcriptional regulation response established as a result of changes in local auxin concentrations. Three additional phytohormone signaling pathways have also been shown to influence phototropic res ...
... to allow establishment of a trans-organ gradient of the hormone. Photosignaling also impinges on the transcriptional regulation response established as a result of changes in local auxin concentrations. Three additional phytohormone signaling pathways have also been shown to influence phototropic res ...
Tracing the Archaeal Origins of Eukaryotic Membrane
... domain comprise atypical members of the Ras superfamily functioning in target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) signaling at the lysosome/vacuole (Sekiguchi et al. 2001; Kim et al. 2008). The 14 lokiarchaeal sequences selected for inclusion in phylogenetic analyses consistently grouped with eukaryotic ...
... domain comprise atypical members of the Ras superfamily functioning in target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) signaling at the lysosome/vacuole (Sekiguchi et al. 2001; Kim et al. 2008). The 14 lokiarchaeal sequences selected for inclusion in phylogenetic analyses consistently grouped with eukaryotic ...
The SMN Complex Is Associated with snRNPs throughout Their
... snRNAs in discrete accumulations, indicating that this mutant blocks the snRNP assembly pathway prior to m3G cap formation (55). We investigated whether the expression of SMN⌬N27 has an effect on the subcellular localization of PHAX in HeLa cells. As shown in Fig. 5A to F, PHAX specifically accumula ...
... snRNAs in discrete accumulations, indicating that this mutant blocks the snRNP assembly pathway prior to m3G cap formation (55). We investigated whether the expression of SMN⌬N27 has an effect on the subcellular localization of PHAX in HeLa cells. As shown in Fig. 5A to F, PHAX specifically accumula ...
The Multiple Personalities of the Regulatory Subunit of Protein
... subunits are represented as an alpha carbon trace (grey) while the CK2β dimer forming the core of the enzyme is represented by blue ribbons. Important motifs are coloured as indicated in the schematic diagram (B). CK2β monomers are distinguished by different shades of the appropriate colour. (prepar ...
... subunits are represented as an alpha carbon trace (grey) while the CK2β dimer forming the core of the enzyme is represented by blue ribbons. Important motifs are coloured as indicated in the schematic diagram (B). CK2β monomers are distinguished by different shades of the appropriate colour. (prepar ...
β-catenin: a key mediator of Wnt signaling Karl
... This region of β-catenin contains a series of serine and threonine residues, which may be phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of these residues is thought to be a signal for the degradation of β-catenin by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway [30•]. Interestingly, several colon carcinoma and melanoma cell l ...
... This region of β-catenin contains a series of serine and threonine residues, which may be phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of these residues is thought to be a signal for the degradation of β-catenin by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway [30•]. Interestingly, several colon carcinoma and melanoma cell l ...
Arabidopsis Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesins Play
... in vitro (Boleti et al., 1996). It has been hypothesized that Kinesin12s serve as dynamic linkers between two mirrored sets of microtubules in the phragmoplast (Lee and Liu, 2000; Liu and Lee, 2001). In this report, we used mutants in which genes encoding PAKRP1/Kinesin-12A and PAKRP1L/Kinesin-12B w ...
... in vitro (Boleti et al., 1996). It has been hypothesized that Kinesin12s serve as dynamic linkers between two mirrored sets of microtubules in the phragmoplast (Lee and Liu, 2000; Liu and Lee, 2001). In this report, we used mutants in which genes encoding PAKRP1/Kinesin-12A and PAKRP1L/Kinesin-12B w ...
The Stem Cell Factor Receptor/c-Kit as a Drug Target in
... PI3-kinase is central for both proliferation and protection from apoptosis, underscoring the importance of these events for tumor formation and progression. The above discussion focuses on class I PI3-kinase (or classical PI3-kinase). However, c-Kit constitutively associates with PI3KC2β which belon ...
... PI3-kinase is central for both proliferation and protection from apoptosis, underscoring the importance of these events for tumor formation and progression. The above discussion focuses on class I PI3-kinase (or classical PI3-kinase). However, c-Kit constitutively associates with PI3KC2β which belon ...
Domains of the Adenovirus E1A Protein Required for
... This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Sciences and Mathematics at WesScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Division III Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of WesScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], ...
... This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Sciences and Mathematics at WesScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Division III Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of WesScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], ...
1 DNA replication origin function is promoted by H3K4 di
... set1Δ allele de novo in the cdc6-1 parent strain. Growth of the cdc6-1 strain was only slightly impaired at 31 compared to wild-type or the cdc6-1 strain harboring wild-type CDC6 on a plasmid, but growth was substantially impaired when SET1 was deleted in this strain (Figure 1B). Expression of wild ...
... set1Δ allele de novo in the cdc6-1 parent strain. Growth of the cdc6-1 strain was only slightly impaired at 31 compared to wild-type or the cdc6-1 strain harboring wild-type CDC6 on a plasmid, but growth was substantially impaired when SET1 was deleted in this strain (Figure 1B). Expression of wild ...
The lysosome as a command-and-control center for cellular
... and other building blocks that can be subsequently released on demand. Because of the high conservation of lysosomal enzymes and permeases between yeast and mammals, it is likely that the mammalian lysosome has a similar ability for selective retention and release of metabolic building blocks. Throu ...
... and other building blocks that can be subsequently released on demand. Because of the high conservation of lysosomal enzymes and permeases between yeast and mammals, it is likely that the mammalian lysosome has a similar ability for selective retention and release of metabolic building blocks. Throu ...
The lysosome as a command-and-control center for cellular
... and other building blocks that can be subsequently released on demand. Because of the high conservation of lysosomal enzymes and permeases between yeast and mammals, it is likely that the mammalian lysosome has a similar ability for selective retention and release of metabolic building blocks. Throu ...
... and other building blocks that can be subsequently released on demand. Because of the high conservation of lysosomal enzymes and permeases between yeast and mammals, it is likely that the mammalian lysosome has a similar ability for selective retention and release of metabolic building blocks. Throu ...
DNA Replication Origin Function Is Promoted by H3K4 Di
... histone H3K4 di-methylation is enriched at chromosomal origins. These data suggest that H3K4 di-methylation is necessary and sufficient for normal origin function. We propose that histone H3K4 di-methylation functions in concert with other histone posttranslational modifications to support robust geno ...
... histone H3K4 di-methylation is enriched at chromosomal origins. These data suggest that H3K4 di-methylation is necessary and sufficient for normal origin function. We propose that histone H3K4 di-methylation functions in concert with other histone posttranslational modifications to support robust geno ...
Centromere Stability: The Replication Connection
... its absence, silencing and histone methylation are reduced [74]. The lagging strand DNA polymerase α (Swi7) and its coupling factor Mcl1 are also required for normal silencing and interact with Swi6 [83,88]. Thus, proteins that write or read the histone methylation mark are directly linked to fork p ...
... its absence, silencing and histone methylation are reduced [74]. The lagging strand DNA polymerase α (Swi7) and its coupling factor Mcl1 are also required for normal silencing and interact with Swi6 [83,88]. Thus, proteins that write or read the histone methylation mark are directly linked to fork p ...
Rb is required for progression through myogenic differentiation but
... fibers in the Rbf/f:Myf5-Cre mice was short and irregular in shape (Fig. 1 D). Moreover, the long and orderly parallel arrangement of the fibers typically seen in the wild-type controls was absent in the Rbf/f:Myf5-Cre muscle (Fig. 1, compare C with D). These results confirm the well-established req ...
... fibers in the Rbf/f:Myf5-Cre mice was short and irregular in shape (Fig. 1 D). Moreover, the long and orderly parallel arrangement of the fibers typically seen in the wild-type controls was absent in the Rbf/f:Myf5-Cre muscle (Fig. 1, compare C with D). These results confirm the well-established req ...
On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell
... are homologues of the cell death repressor Ced-9 and its antagonist Egl-1 (the Bcl-2 family) have been identified, as well as more than ten homologues of the executioner Ced-3 (the caspase family) and at least one homologue of Ced-4 (Apaf-1, or apoptotic protease-activating factor 1). The death repr ...
... are homologues of the cell death repressor Ced-9 and its antagonist Egl-1 (the Bcl-2 family) have been identified, as well as more than ten homologues of the executioner Ced-3 (the caspase family) and at least one homologue of Ced-4 (Apaf-1, or apoptotic protease-activating factor 1). The death repr ...
Cell death by autophagy: facts and apparent artefacts
... induction of autophagy requires inactivation/inhibition of the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase and activation of the canonical autophagy pathway involving multiple Atg genes. In the presence of growth factors and nutrients, active insulin receptor/class-I phosphoinositide-3-kinase (INR/PI3K) signal ...
... induction of autophagy requires inactivation/inhibition of the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase and activation of the canonical autophagy pathway involving multiple Atg genes. In the presence of growth factors and nutrients, active insulin receptor/class-I phosphoinositide-3-kinase (INR/PI3K) signal ...
Brassinosteroid Signal Transduction from Receptor Kinases to
... resembles weak bri1 mutants (52), and overexpression of a kinase-inactive bak1 mutant protein causes severe dwarf phenotypes similar to strong bri1 mutants, presumably due to a dominant negative effect (52). Recent genetic studies of loss-of-function mutations of BAK1/SERK3 and its homologs (SERK1 a ...
... resembles weak bri1 mutants (52), and overexpression of a kinase-inactive bak1 mutant protein causes severe dwarf phenotypes similar to strong bri1 mutants, presumably due to a dominant negative effect (52). Recent genetic studies of loss-of-function mutations of BAK1/SERK3 and its homologs (SERK1 a ...
Sirtuins at a Glance - Journal of Cell Science
... 2008; Pfluger et al., 2008). Consistent with these results, compounds that are able to activate SIRT1, such as resveratrol and SRT1720, protect mice from HFD-induced metabolic disorders (Baur et al., 2006; Feige et al., 2008; Lagouge et al., 2006; Milne et al., 2007). In humans, genetic variation in ...
... 2008; Pfluger et al., 2008). Consistent with these results, compounds that are able to activate SIRT1, such as resveratrol and SRT1720, protect mice from HFD-induced metabolic disorders (Baur et al., 2006; Feige et al., 2008; Lagouge et al., 2006; Milne et al., 2007). In humans, genetic variation in ...
COP9 signalosome turns the key on protein degradation
... Although the CSN was originally identified as a repressor of photomorphogenesis, genetic manipulations that reduced CSN activity while avoiding early loss of function proved that the CSN supports plant growth and development more broadly. For example, RNA silencing of the Arabidopsis CSN5 subunit, f ...
... Although the CSN was originally identified as a repressor of photomorphogenesis, genetic manipulations that reduced CSN activity while avoiding early loss of function proved that the CSN supports plant growth and development more broadly. For example, RNA silencing of the Arabidopsis CSN5 subunit, f ...
c-Myc Overexpression Increases Cell Size and Impairs Cartilage
... Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain. Phone: 34-942-201933; Fax: 34-942201903; E-mail: [email protected]. ...
... Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain. Phone: 34-942-201933; Fax: 34-942201903; E-mail: [email protected]. ...
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle
A series of biochemical switches control transitions between and within the various phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of complex, ordered, sequential events that control how a single cell divides into two cells, and involves several different phases. The phases include the G1 and G2 phases, DNA replication or S phase, and the actual process of cell division, mitosis or M phase. During the M phase, the chromosomes separate and cytokinesis occurs.The switches maintain the orderly progression of the cell cycle and act as checkpoints to ensure that each phase has been properly completed before progression to the next phase. For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase, is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M by adding phosphate to protein substrates. Such multi-component (involving multiple inter-linked proteins) switches have been shown to generate decisive, robust (and potentially irreversible) transitions and trigger stable oscillations. As a result, they are a subject of active research that tries to understand how such complex properties are wired into biological control systems.