How autophagy both activates and inhibits cellular
... reactive oxygen species upon autophagy inhibition partially contribute to cellular senescence, indicating the important roles of autophagy in cellular homeostasis. Is there a molecular mechanism that could resolve these apparently conflicting reports about the relationship between autophagy and cellu ...
... reactive oxygen species upon autophagy inhibition partially contribute to cellular senescence, indicating the important roles of autophagy in cellular homeostasis. Is there a molecular mechanism that could resolve these apparently conflicting reports about the relationship between autophagy and cellu ...
1 Sister chromatids are often incompletely cohesed
... During preliminary investigations we occasionally found three or four instead of one or two FISH signals for chromosome-specific ~100 kb segments in 4C nuclei of A. thaliana indicating that not only homologues but also sister chromatids may occupy separate positions within a nucleus. Therefore, we b ...
... During preliminary investigations we occasionally found three or four instead of one or two FISH signals for chromosome-specific ~100 kb segments in 4C nuclei of A. thaliana indicating that not only homologues but also sister chromatids may occupy separate positions within a nucleus. Therefore, we b ...
The PDZ-GEF Dizzy regulates cell shape of migrating macrophages
... macrophages did not properly adhere to the posterior end of the germ band and failed to enter the posterior germ band before and during its retraction. Later, during the phase of ‘central spreading’ at stage 14, macrophages in wild-type embryos migrated laterally and ended up rather evenly distribut ...
... macrophages did not properly adhere to the posterior end of the germ band and failed to enter the posterior germ band before and during its retraction. Later, during the phase of ‘central spreading’ at stage 14, macrophages in wild-type embryos migrated laterally and ended up rather evenly distribut ...
CELL WALLS OF GROWING PLANT CELLS
... cellulose microfibrils, cross-linked by xyloglucan and dispersed in a pectin matrix. It has been suggested that in the wall of growing plant cells, xyloglucan is bound to the rigid cellulose microfibrils by hydrogen bonds and holds the microfibrils together by forming molecular tethers, which is ref ...
... cellulose microfibrils, cross-linked by xyloglucan and dispersed in a pectin matrix. It has been suggested that in the wall of growing plant cells, xyloglucan is bound to the rigid cellulose microfibrils by hydrogen bonds and holds the microfibrils together by forming molecular tethers, which is ref ...
Actin and Myosin Function in Directed Vacuole Movement during
... One feature of vacuole inheritance that distinguishes it from other membrane trafficking pathways, such as secretion and endocytosis, is that it requires the delivery of a membrane-enclosed structure to a subcellular location that does not contain a pre-existing acceptor membrane. Therefore, not onl ...
... One feature of vacuole inheritance that distinguishes it from other membrane trafficking pathways, such as secretion and endocytosis, is that it requires the delivery of a membrane-enclosed structure to a subcellular location that does not contain a pre-existing acceptor membrane. Therefore, not onl ...
A three-stage model of Golgi structure and function
... unusual, because most carbohydrate synthesis reactions could occur efficiently in a single mixed compartment (Dunphy and Rothman 1985). A more general explanation for the cisternal structure of the Golgi is that this organelle serves as a ‘‘delay timer’’ (Glick and Malhotra 1998). Biosynthetic cargo ...
... unusual, because most carbohydrate synthesis reactions could occur efficiently in a single mixed compartment (Dunphy and Rothman 1985). A more general explanation for the cisternal structure of the Golgi is that this organelle serves as a ‘‘delay timer’’ (Glick and Malhotra 1998). Biosynthetic cargo ...
Homologous pairing and the role of pairing centers in meiosis
... they must find each other within the cell nucleus. In most organisms, the initiation of homologous pairing occurs at numerous sites along chromosomes by a mechanism that still remains unclear. These early interactions are then stabilized only at sites where there is good flanking homology between ch ...
... they must find each other within the cell nucleus. In most organisms, the initiation of homologous pairing occurs at numerous sites along chromosomes by a mechanism that still remains unclear. These early interactions are then stabilized only at sites where there is good flanking homology between ch ...
Endogenous release of 5-HT modulates the plateau phase of NMDA
... the lamprey, these oscillations vary in a characteristic way between different spinal cord preparations. In some preparations, there is a pronounced, depolarized plateau phase, which can be prolonged further by a blockade of KCa channels via administration of 5-HT or specific antagonists, such as ap ...
... the lamprey, these oscillations vary in a characteristic way between different spinal cord preparations. In some preparations, there is a pronounced, depolarized plateau phase, which can be prolonged further by a blockade of KCa channels via administration of 5-HT or specific antagonists, such as ap ...
Protein phosphatase 1 down regulates ZYG
... subunit of PP1 can directly bind a subset of substrates, but functional specificity is largely conferred by its interaction with regulatory proteins. Over 200 PP1 interactors exist, which regulate PP1 through modulating substrate specificity, enzyme localization or by inhibition or activa ...
... subunit of PP1 can directly bind a subset of substrates, but functional specificity is largely conferred by its interaction with regulatory proteins. Over 200 PP1 interactors exist, which regulate PP1 through modulating substrate specificity, enzyme localization or by inhibition or activa ...
Bound by Fate: The Role of Reactive Oxygen
... and development. In Arabidopsis, FERONIA (FER), a member of the Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinase family (CrRLK1L), perceives the RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptide to inhibit primary root elongation (Haruta et al., 2014). Other CrRLK1L kinases are also thought to recognize polysaccharide ...
... and development. In Arabidopsis, FERONIA (FER), a member of the Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinase family (CrRLK1L), perceives the RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptide to inhibit primary root elongation (Haruta et al., 2014). Other CrRLK1L kinases are also thought to recognize polysaccharide ...
HER2
... through sequestration of key residues required for activation. • Phosphorylation of Y877 may serve to bridge the stabilizing hydrogen bonds on either side of the A-loop in the active conformation. Unphosphorylated active HER2 lacks this bridging mechanism. • Formation of EGFR/HER2 heterodimer result ...
... through sequestration of key residues required for activation. • Phosphorylation of Y877 may serve to bridge the stabilizing hydrogen bonds on either side of the A-loop in the active conformation. Unphosphorylated active HER2 lacks this bridging mechanism. • Formation of EGFR/HER2 heterodimer result ...
Life and death of transcriptional co
... cytoplasmic protein aggregates or to deliver them for disposal p300 modification and metabolic stability in epigenetic regulathrough the alternative autophagosome pathway. Many nuclear tion, and shed molecular insights into the roles of cellular trafproteins including p300 are substrate of aggresome ...
... cytoplasmic protein aggregates or to deliver them for disposal p300 modification and metabolic stability in epigenetic regulathrough the alternative autophagosome pathway. Many nuclear tion, and shed molecular insights into the roles of cellular trafproteins including p300 are substrate of aggresome ...
Depletion of the co-chaperone CDC-37 reveals two
... provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of polarity on the ability of a cell to divide asymmetrically into daughters with different fates. The par genes (partitioning defective) are key regulators of polarity in the early embryo (Kemphues et al., 1988). The PAR proteins are conserved wide ...
... provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of polarity on the ability of a cell to divide asymmetrically into daughters with different fates. The par genes (partitioning defective) are key regulators of polarity in the early embryo (Kemphues et al., 1988). The PAR proteins are conserved wide ...
DEFINING THE ROLE OF THE SHP2 PROTEIN TYROSINE
... the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) by multivalent antigens requires reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of myriad signaling proteins. Activated mast cells rapidly release granule contents (eg. histamine and serine proteases) that cause vascular permeability, and in a more delayed manner they als ...
... the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) by multivalent antigens requires reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of myriad signaling proteins. Activated mast cells rapidly release granule contents (eg. histamine and serine proteases) that cause vascular permeability, and in a more delayed manner they als ...
The engrailed Locus of D. melanogaster Provides an Essential
... posterior compartments. Mutant phenotypes and expression of the gene have not been observed in anterior compartment cells. This discontinuous ...
... posterior compartments. Mutant phenotypes and expression of the gene have not been observed in anterior compartment cells. This discontinuous ...
The Ph1 Locus Suppresses Cdk2-Type Activity during Premeiosis
... sequence similarity to mammalian Cdk2 (Griffiths et al., 2006; AlKaff et al., 2008; Yousafzai et al., 2010a). Cdks are a group of Ser/ Thr protein kinases that control the progression through the various phases of the cell cycle and subsequent cell divisions in eukaryotic cells. Cdk2 has been shown ...
... sequence similarity to mammalian Cdk2 (Griffiths et al., 2006; AlKaff et al., 2008; Yousafzai et al., 2010a). Cdks are a group of Ser/ Thr protein kinases that control the progression through the various phases of the cell cycle and subsequent cell divisions in eukaryotic cells. Cdk2 has been shown ...
Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signalling by
... This is obtained through a complex circuitry of positive and negative feedback regulation. Feedback inhibitory mechanisms restrain EGFR activity in time and space, which is key to ensuring that receptor outputs are commensurate to the cell and tissue needs. Here, we focus on the emerging field of in ...
... This is obtained through a complex circuitry of positive and negative feedback regulation. Feedback inhibitory mechanisms restrain EGFR activity in time and space, which is key to ensuring that receptor outputs are commensurate to the cell and tissue needs. Here, we focus on the emerging field of in ...
Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Network Architectures
... now understand that, through a process called quorum sensing, bacteria synchronously control gene expression in response to changes in cell density and species complexity. Quorum sensing allows bacteria to switch between two distinct gene expression programs: one that is favored at low-cell-density ...
... now understand that, through a process called quorum sensing, bacteria synchronously control gene expression in response to changes in cell density and species complexity. Quorum sensing allows bacteria to switch between two distinct gene expression programs: one that is favored at low-cell-density ...
A pervasive role of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in
... Recent findings have begun to delineate that histone and non-histone protein acetylation is involved, directly and indirectly, in controlling the duration, strength and specificity of the NF-kB-activating signaling pathway at multiple levels. Acetylation and deacetylation events, in combination with ...
... Recent findings have begun to delineate that histone and non-histone protein acetylation is involved, directly and indirectly, in controlling the duration, strength and specificity of the NF-kB-activating signaling pathway at multiple levels. Acetylation and deacetylation events, in combination with ...
from dicp.ac.cn
... of p38 MAPK and can be activated by p38α under cellular stress (2-4, 6). CK2 also contributes to p38 MAPK signaling pathway regulation. In a phosphorylation-dependent manner, p38α can directly interact with the α and β subunits of CK2 to activate the holoenzyme (17). p38 and CK2 both co-immunoprecip ...
... of p38 MAPK and can be activated by p38α under cellular stress (2-4, 6). CK2 also contributes to p38 MAPK signaling pathway regulation. In a phosphorylation-dependent manner, p38α can directly interact with the α and β subunits of CK2 to activate the holoenzyme (17). p38 and CK2 both co-immunoprecip ...
Protozoa - Dr Magrann
... Have wide range of sizes, shapes, ultrastructure, nutrition, behavior, physiology, genetic diversity. Of scientific and economic importance. Many free-living forms – marine. Most microscopic - ~5 – 20 um (but some new spp 0.5 – 2um). Since unicellular, each cell must do all basic functions multi-cel ...
... Have wide range of sizes, shapes, ultrastructure, nutrition, behavior, physiology, genetic diversity. Of scientific and economic importance. Many free-living forms – marine. Most microscopic - ~5 – 20 um (but some new spp 0.5 – 2um). Since unicellular, each cell must do all basic functions multi-cel ...
Nuclear-fallout, a Drosophila protein that cycles from the cytoplasm
... cytoplasmic organelles, centrosomes are unique because they are precisely duplicated with each division cycle. In addition to organizing microtubules, centrosomes influence actin dynamics. In many instances, the effect of centrosomes on microfilament distribution occurs indirectly through their effe ...
... cytoplasmic organelles, centrosomes are unique because they are precisely duplicated with each division cycle. In addition to organizing microtubules, centrosomes influence actin dynamics. In many instances, the effect of centrosomes on microfilament distribution occurs indirectly through their effe ...
Polyphosphates of the Yeast Cell Vacuole
... did not appear to be incorporated directly from the orthophosphate of the medium. It is of interest that the uptake of 32Pinto the orthophosphate of the vacuole fraction responded only slowly to the dilution of the isotope in the medium. This indicated that this phosphate was a genuine component of ...
... did not appear to be incorporated directly from the orthophosphate of the medium. It is of interest that the uptake of 32Pinto the orthophosphate of the vacuole fraction responded only slowly to the dilution of the isotope in the medium. This indicated that this phosphate was a genuine component of ...
Isolation and characterization of the Pin1/Ess1p homologue in
... and Mik1/Wee1 protein kinases. Mitotic entry requires dephosphorylation of these two residues by protein phosphatase, Cdc25. The activity and subcellular localization of Cdc25 are also controlled by phosphorylation. In interphase Cdc25 is sequestered in the cytoplasm in a hypophosphorylated, low act ...
... and Mik1/Wee1 protein kinases. Mitotic entry requires dephosphorylation of these two residues by protein phosphatase, Cdc25. The activity and subcellular localization of Cdc25 are also controlled by phosphorylation. In interphase Cdc25 is sequestered in the cytoplasm in a hypophosphorylated, low act ...
Sanguinarine (Pseudochelerythrine) Is a Potent Inhibitor of NF
... either p50 or p65 subunits of NF-kB for 30 min at 37 °C before the complex was analyzed by EMSA. Antibody against cyclin D1 was included as a negative control. Western Blotting for IkBa and p65—Western blotting was carried out essentially as described previously (23). Briefly, the cytoplasmic extrac ...
... either p50 or p65 subunits of NF-kB for 30 min at 37 °C before the complex was analyzed by EMSA. Antibody against cyclin D1 was included as a negative control. Western Blotting for IkBa and p65—Western blotting was carried out essentially as described previously (23). Briefly, the cytoplasmic extrac ...
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle
A series of biochemical switches control transitions between and within the various phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of complex, ordered, sequential events that control how a single cell divides into two cells, and involves several different phases. The phases include the G1 and G2 phases, DNA replication or S phase, and the actual process of cell division, mitosis or M phase. During the M phase, the chromosomes separate and cytokinesis occurs.The switches maintain the orderly progression of the cell cycle and act as checkpoints to ensure that each phase has been properly completed before progression to the next phase. For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase, is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M by adding phosphate to protein substrates. Such multi-component (involving multiple inter-linked proteins) switches have been shown to generate decisive, robust (and potentially irreversible) transitions and trigger stable oscillations. As a result, they are a subject of active research that tries to understand how such complex properties are wired into biological control systems.