EMD Millipore Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktails
... and regulatory proteins. Hence, proteins are continuously synthesized and degraded in plant and animal cells and a finely tuned balance exists between their rate of synthesis and breakdown that determines the concentration of any given protein. Protein degradation is an essential process whereby dam ...
... and regulatory proteins. Hence, proteins are continuously synthesized and degraded in plant and animal cells and a finely tuned balance exists between their rate of synthesis and breakdown that determines the concentration of any given protein. Protein degradation is an essential process whereby dam ...
Transcriptional regulation of mammalian autophagy at a glance
... referred to as p53) has been described to inhibit mTORC1 and thus to activate autophagy, several studies have shown that cytoplasmic p53 is a potent inhibitor of autophagy. The mechanisms for this inhibition are largely unknown (Green and Kroemer, 2009); however, post-transcriptional downregulation ...
... referred to as p53) has been described to inhibit mTORC1 and thus to activate autophagy, several studies have shown that cytoplasmic p53 is a potent inhibitor of autophagy. The mechanisms for this inhibition are largely unknown (Green and Kroemer, 2009); however, post-transcriptional downregulation ...
Molecular Genetics of the RNA Polymerase II General
... and has been implicated in differential recognition of two tandem Adh promoter elements (187). Furthermore, a recombinant TBP-TAFII150-TAFII250 subcomplex is minimally required for efficient utilization of Inr and downstream promoter elements in a reconstituted transcription system (507). Thus, it a ...
... and has been implicated in differential recognition of two tandem Adh promoter elements (187). Furthermore, a recombinant TBP-TAFII150-TAFII250 subcomplex is minimally required for efficient utilization of Inr and downstream promoter elements in a reconstituted transcription system (507). Thus, it a ...
Stat3/Cdc25a-dependent cell proliferation promotes embryonic axis
... embryos undergo rapid and synchronous cell cleavages [18] consisting of DNA synthesis (S) and mitosis (M) phases without transcription or cell growth. After mid-blastula transition (MBT) and activation of the zygotic genome, cell cycles slow down and become asynchronous with the acquisition of a G2 ...
... embryos undergo rapid and synchronous cell cleavages [18] consisting of DNA synthesis (S) and mitosis (M) phases without transcription or cell growth. After mid-blastula transition (MBT) and activation of the zygotic genome, cell cycles slow down and become asynchronous with the acquisition of a G2 ...
Full Paper - Calcutta Research Group
... used commonly in the region. Tracking diaspora philanthropy in the region can help us get an insight into how communities imagine and build identities around caste. Collective giving for education was an important means for promoting the Kamma caste groups achieve parity with the Brahmins. Philanthr ...
... used commonly in the region. Tracking diaspora philanthropy in the region can help us get an insight into how communities imagine and build identities around caste. Collective giving for education was an important means for promoting the Kamma caste groups achieve parity with the Brahmins. Philanthr ...
regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion by
... cells (33). In 1991, Dbl was shown to release GDP from Cdc42 in vitro (34). Since then, a number of GEFs for various Rho family GTPases (in parentheses) have been identified, including the following: Dbl (Cdc42, Rho); Lbc (Rho) (35); Lfc (Rho) (36); Lsc (Rho) (36); Tiam (Rac) (37); p115 Rho GEF (Rho ...
... cells (33). In 1991, Dbl was shown to release GDP from Cdc42 in vitro (34). Since then, a number of GEFs for various Rho family GTPases (in parentheses) have been identified, including the following: Dbl (Cdc42, Rho); Lbc (Rho) (35); Lfc (Rho) (36); Lsc (Rho) (36); Tiam (Rac) (37); p115 Rho GEF (Rho ...
Article Title Authors Author affiliation Correspondence information
... responsible for the induction and regulation of autophagy are poorly understood. The c-Jun NH2terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway functions to induce defense mechanisms that protect organisms against acute oxidative and xenobiotic insults. This pathway has also been repeatedly linked t ...
... responsible for the induction and regulation of autophagy are poorly understood. The c-Jun NH2terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway functions to induce defense mechanisms that protect organisms against acute oxidative and xenobiotic insults. This pathway has also been repeatedly linked t ...
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of DNA Topoisomerase II Alters
... with striking similarities in their amino acid sequences, are encoded by different genes. The topo IIa staining showed fine punctuate fluorescence all over the nucleus except the nucleolar domain.13,14 Although topo IIb was considered to exist preferentially in the nucleoli,14,15 a recent report has ...
... with striking similarities in their amino acid sequences, are encoded by different genes. The topo IIa staining showed fine punctuate fluorescence all over the nucleus except the nucleolar domain.13,14 Although topo IIb was considered to exist preferentially in the nucleoli,14,15 a recent report has ...
A Simple and Rapid Protocol for Producing Yeast Extract from
... exogenous enzymes, acids or alkalis are used to disrupt the cell contents (27-29). By applying the exogenous enzymes in hydrolysis process the cost of manufacturing will be increased, moreover, using acids or alkalis in this process will complicate the purification processes. Studies show that vario ...
... exogenous enzymes, acids or alkalis are used to disrupt the cell contents (27-29). By applying the exogenous enzymes in hydrolysis process the cost of manufacturing will be increased, moreover, using acids or alkalis in this process will complicate the purification processes. Studies show that vario ...
Ubiquitin ligases and beyond EDITORIAL Open Access Ivan Dikic
... determines the substrate specificity of ubiquitination, and the diversity of the cellular functions of ubiquitination is reflected in the existence of some hundreds of different mammalian E3s, compared with a few dozen E2s and two E1s. The E2 conjugating enzymes have special significance in determin ...
... determines the substrate specificity of ubiquitination, and the diversity of the cellular functions of ubiquitination is reflected in the existence of some hundreds of different mammalian E3s, compared with a few dozen E2s and two E1s. The E2 conjugating enzymes have special significance in determin ...
Antimicrobial Agents Produced by Yeasts
... them have killer activity and these strains are determined as K+ phenotypes. Analyses were performed in strains belonging to three yeast genera used as sensitive cells and under a wide range of pH and temperatures. Approximately 51% of isolates tested showed toxicity against at least one sensitive y ...
... them have killer activity and these strains are determined as K+ phenotypes. Analyses were performed in strains belonging to three yeast genera used as sensitive cells and under a wide range of pH and temperatures. Approximately 51% of isolates tested showed toxicity against at least one sensitive y ...
- Wiley Online Library
... the p53HupKIS46A/HupKIS46A humanized protein showed defects in target gene transactivation and apoptosis [31]. Taken together, these studies suggest that Ser 46 phosphorylation on p53 is an important cell fate determinant favouring p53-dependent transcriptional activation of pro-apoptotic target gen ...
... the p53HupKIS46A/HupKIS46A humanized protein showed defects in target gene transactivation and apoptosis [31]. Taken together, these studies suggest that Ser 46 phosphorylation on p53 is an important cell fate determinant favouring p53-dependent transcriptional activation of pro-apoptotic target gen ...
Cytokinin–auxin crosstalk
... of influx transporters AUX/LAX (AUXIN-RESISTANT MUTATION 1/LIKE AUX1) and actively transported out of the cell by auxin efflux carriers, the PIN proteins. Auxin flux direction (solid blue arrows) depends on the PIN subcellular asymmetric localization [31]. When concentration of auxin in the cell is ...
... of influx transporters AUX/LAX (AUXIN-RESISTANT MUTATION 1/LIKE AUX1) and actively transported out of the cell by auxin efflux carriers, the PIN proteins. Auxin flux direction (solid blue arrows) depends on the PIN subcellular asymmetric localization [31]. When concentration of auxin in the cell is ...
Serine/Threonine Kinase 3-Phosphoinositide
... a complex network of signaling events that involves lipid second messengers, kinases, small GTPases and cytoskeletal proteins. Cell migration can be described prototypically as a cyclic process [2]. The first step is the polarization of the cell in response to migration-promoting factors. As a conse ...
... a complex network of signaling events that involves lipid second messengers, kinases, small GTPases and cytoskeletal proteins. Cell migration can be described prototypically as a cyclic process [2]. The first step is the polarization of the cell in response to migration-promoting factors. As a conse ...
NYS Lab: Diffusion Through a Membrane
... • exposure to a strongly hypotonic solution resulted in the cell's ability to quickly adjust to ...
... • exposure to a strongly hypotonic solution resulted in the cell's ability to quickly adjust to ...
A Review of Centriole Activity, and Wrongful Activity, during Cell
... long axis of the nucleus, forming the “mitotic spindle” [61] [83] [98]-[102], as represented in Figure 4. The nucleus then shrinks in the middle and eventually separates into two parts. During their separation, each part takes approximately half of the remainder of the cell (the cytoplasm) with it. ...
... long axis of the nucleus, forming the “mitotic spindle” [61] [83] [98]-[102], as represented in Figure 4. The nucleus then shrinks in the middle and eventually separates into two parts. During their separation, each part takes approximately half of the remainder of the cell (the cytoplasm) with it. ...
Xyloglucan and its Interactions with Other Components of the
... xyloglucans may also be modified during extraction and may undergo changes in aggregation and association with other substances that affect their elution from a GPC column. Most GPC-based estimates of xyloglucan Mr probably lead to overestimates of xyloglucan chain length. A very different approach ...
... xyloglucans may also be modified during extraction and may undergo changes in aggregation and association with other substances that affect their elution from a GPC column. Most GPC-based estimates of xyloglucan Mr probably lead to overestimates of xyloglucan chain length. A very different approach ...
Transcription mechanisms
... sequences that are recognized primarily by subunits of the GTF TFIID, including the TATA-binding protein (TBP), or by related protein complexes (Section 4; Muller and Tora, 2004). This process is driven by upstream gene-specific activators that bind to regulatory sequences within promoters or distal ...
... sequences that are recognized primarily by subunits of the GTF TFIID, including the TATA-binding protein (TBP), or by related protein complexes (Section 4; Muller and Tora, 2004). This process is driven by upstream gene-specific activators that bind to regulatory sequences within promoters or distal ...
PDF
... in car-1(RNAi) embryos, although excess movements are present throughout centration/rotation (see supplementary material Movie 3). (E,F) Average centrosomal movements (E) and average angular displacement (F) in wild-type and car-1(RNAi) embryos. See also supplementary material Fig. S1A. n=10 embryos ...
... in car-1(RNAi) embryos, although excess movements are present throughout centration/rotation (see supplementary material Movie 3). (E,F) Average centrosomal movements (E) and average angular displacement (F) in wild-type and car-1(RNAi) embryos. See also supplementary material Fig. S1A. n=10 embryos ...
Conserved features of cohesin binding along
... convergent RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcriptional termination sites (called 'convergent sites' in the following) [6-8]. In contrast, in mammalian cells cohesin colocalizes along chromosomes with CTCF, a DNA-binding zinc-finger protein required for transcriptional insulation, with no strong prefe ...
... convergent RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcriptional termination sites (called 'convergent sites' in the following) [6-8]. In contrast, in mammalian cells cohesin colocalizes along chromosomes with CTCF, a DNA-binding zinc-finger protein required for transcriptional insulation, with no strong prefe ...
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vprmediated G2 cell cycle
... cyclin-associated kinase (CAK) is one of the ®rst events in this process. Activation of p34cdc2 is prevented, however, by additional phosphorylation on Thr14 and Tyr15 by the protein kinases Wee1 and Myt1. Dephosphorylation of Thr14/Tyr15 by the protein phosphatase cdc25 eventually activates the p34 ...
... cyclin-associated kinase (CAK) is one of the ®rst events in this process. Activation of p34cdc2 is prevented, however, by additional phosphorylation on Thr14 and Tyr15 by the protein kinases Wee1 and Myt1. Dephosphorylation of Thr14/Tyr15 by the protein phosphatase cdc25 eventually activates the p34 ...
Actin branching in the initiation and maintenance of lamellipodia
... lamellipodia undergoing constant treadmilling or protrusion. Since fish keratocytes have been used as a model of persistent lamellipodia protrusion (Svitkina et al, 1997; Urban et al, 2010) we reinvestigated these cells by electron tomography. In negatively stained preparations of lamellipodia thin ...
... lamellipodia undergoing constant treadmilling or protrusion. Since fish keratocytes have been used as a model of persistent lamellipodia protrusion (Svitkina et al, 1997; Urban et al, 2010) we reinvestigated these cells by electron tomography. In negatively stained preparations of lamellipodia thin ...
Developmentally regulated, alternative splicing of the Rpn10 gene
... segment appears suf®cient for the multi-Ub chain-binding activity in other organisms (Fu et al., 1998; Girod et al., 1999). While both segments are present in Rpn10a to Rpn10d, Rpn10e is truncated at its C-terminal and has only PUbS1. We also identi®ed the human counterpart of Rpn10e from a human fe ...
... segment appears suf®cient for the multi-Ub chain-binding activity in other organisms (Fu et al., 1998; Girod et al., 1999). While both segments are present in Rpn10a to Rpn10d, Rpn10e is truncated at its C-terminal and has only PUbS1. We also identi®ed the human counterpart of Rpn10e from a human fe ...
Antisense-mediated FLC transcriptional repression requires the P
... generated an Arabidopsis line expressing an FLC transgene, where the native FLC 3′ region from the translation stop codon to past the poly (A) site (which corresponds to the COOLAIR promoter, the COOLAIR first intron, and the beginning of the COOLAIR second exon) was replaced by the 3′ untranslated ...
... generated an Arabidopsis line expressing an FLC transgene, where the native FLC 3′ region from the translation stop codon to past the poly (A) site (which corresponds to the COOLAIR promoter, the COOLAIR first intron, and the beginning of the COOLAIR second exon) was replaced by the 3′ untranslated ...
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle
A series of biochemical switches control transitions between and within the various phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of complex, ordered, sequential events that control how a single cell divides into two cells, and involves several different phases. The phases include the G1 and G2 phases, DNA replication or S phase, and the actual process of cell division, mitosis or M phase. During the M phase, the chromosomes separate and cytokinesis occurs.The switches maintain the orderly progression of the cell cycle and act as checkpoints to ensure that each phase has been properly completed before progression to the next phase. For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase, is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M by adding phosphate to protein substrates. Such multi-component (involving multiple inter-linked proteins) switches have been shown to generate decisive, robust (and potentially irreversible) transitions and trigger stable oscillations. As a result, they are a subject of active research that tries to understand how such complex properties are wired into biological control systems.