Cohesin`s ATPase Activity Couples Cohesin Loading
... inside its ring structure [4]. Chromatin fibers have been proposed to enter the cohesin ring via an ‘‘entry gate’’ that is thought to be located between the hinge regions of Smc1 and Smc3 [5, 6]. The loading of cohesin onto chromatin requires cohesin’s ATPase activity [7, 8] and a separate loading c ...
... inside its ring structure [4]. Chromatin fibers have been proposed to enter the cohesin ring via an ‘‘entry gate’’ that is thought to be located between the hinge regions of Smc1 and Smc3 [5, 6]. The loading of cohesin onto chromatin requires cohesin’s ATPase activity [7, 8] and a separate loading c ...
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... Although autophagy is most evident following starvation, a basal level of constitutive autophagy appears to be a universal feature of nearly all eukaryotic cells. One important function of basal autophagy is to rid the cell of defective or superfluous organelles, and autophagy would appear to be the ...
... Although autophagy is most evident following starvation, a basal level of constitutive autophagy appears to be a universal feature of nearly all eukaryotic cells. One important function of basal autophagy is to rid the cell of defective or superfluous organelles, and autophagy would appear to be the ...
Spatial and temporal in vivo analysis of circulating
... of its effect on transmission dynamics, the mosquito immune response could be harnessed for the control of mosquito-borne diseases [11-13]. In both the culicine and anopheline mosquito lineages there are several morphologically distinct classes of hemocytes: granulocytes are involved in the phagocyt ...
... of its effect on transmission dynamics, the mosquito immune response could be harnessed for the control of mosquito-borne diseases [11-13]. In both the culicine and anopheline mosquito lineages there are several morphologically distinct classes of hemocytes: granulocytes are involved in the phagocyt ...
FOCAL ADHESION KINASE: IN COMMAND AND CONTROL OF
... be connected to alterations in the polymerization or stabilization of actin and microtubule filaments. Additionally, because migrating cells experience changes in forces through integrin contacts that link the ECM with the cytoskeleton, FAK is important in the ‘sensing’ of mechanical forces that are ...
... be connected to alterations in the polymerization or stabilization of actin and microtubule filaments. Additionally, because migrating cells experience changes in forces through integrin contacts that link the ECM with the cytoskeleton, FAK is important in the ‘sensing’ of mechanical forces that are ...
Mcm10: A Dynamic Scaffold at Eukaryotic Replication Forks
... The NTD is common among Mcm10 proteins from yeast to humans, but is not essential and less well conserved than the central ID (Figures 1 and 3) [74,75]. Functionally, the NTD contributes to self-oligomerization and partner protein interaction [39,50]. Homocomplex formation of Xenopus and human Mcm10 ...
... The NTD is common among Mcm10 proteins from yeast to humans, but is not essential and less well conserved than the central ID (Figures 1 and 3) [74,75]. Functionally, the NTD contributes to self-oligomerization and partner protein interaction [39,50]. Homocomplex formation of Xenopus and human Mcm10 ...
Post-Translational Modifications of the TAK1-TAB Complex
... Alternatively, an E3 ubiquitin ligase X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) participates in the TAK1 activation downstream of TGFBR or BMPR through the formation of the XIAP-TAB1-TAK1 complex, likely in a ubiquitination-independent mechanism [33,34]. It has been shown that DNA damage-induce ...
... Alternatively, an E3 ubiquitin ligase X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) participates in the TAK1 activation downstream of TGFBR or BMPR through the formation of the XIAP-TAB1-TAK1 complex, likely in a ubiquitination-independent mechanism [33,34]. It has been shown that DNA damage-induce ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... ubiquitination through interaction with the E3-ligase SINAT5 (Xie et al., 2002). More recently, it was shown that the microRNA, miR164, targets several NAC-domain transcription factors, among which NAC1 (Mallory et al., 2005). All these levels of regulation on NAC1 suggest that the auxin response me ...
... ubiquitination through interaction with the E3-ligase SINAT5 (Xie et al., 2002). More recently, it was shown that the microRNA, miR164, targets several NAC-domain transcription factors, among which NAC1 (Mallory et al., 2005). All these levels of regulation on NAC1 suggest that the auxin response me ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... ubiquitination through interaction with the E3-ligase SINAT5 (Xie et al., 2002). More recently, it was shown that the microRNA, miR164, targets several NAC-domain transcription factors, among which NAC1 (Mallory et al., 2005). All these levels of regulation on NAC1 suggest that the auxin response me ...
... ubiquitination through interaction with the E3-ligase SINAT5 (Xie et al., 2002). More recently, it was shown that the microRNA, miR164, targets several NAC-domain transcription factors, among which NAC1 (Mallory et al., 2005). All these levels of regulation on NAC1 suggest that the auxin response me ...
BIOACCUMULATION OF METAL CATIONS BY YEAST AND YEAST
... By immobilizing the yeast in polyacrylamide gel and packing this material into columns, cu 2 +, C02 + or Cd2 + could be removed from iii ...
... By immobilizing the yeast in polyacrylamide gel and packing this material into columns, cu 2 +, C02 + or Cd2 + could be removed from iii ...
Dynamics of Suppression in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex
... Lund, 2002). Recently, the temporal properties of surround suppression have been used to analyze its mechanism: the relatively sluggish dynamics and their modest dependence on cortical distance seem to be most consistent with the feedback hypotheses (Bair et al., 2003). The common set of proposed or ...
... Lund, 2002). Recently, the temporal properties of surround suppression have been used to analyze its mechanism: the relatively sluggish dynamics and their modest dependence on cortical distance seem to be most consistent with the feedback hypotheses (Bair et al., 2003). The common set of proposed or ...
How cohesin and CTCF cooperate in regulating gene expression
... would be predicted if cohesin’s only role was to mediate cohesion, because inactivation of this function would be expected to cause lethality early during the development of multicellular organisms. It was therefore surprising when mutations in cohesinrelated genes were linked to developmental abnor ...
... would be predicted if cohesin’s only role was to mediate cohesion, because inactivation of this function would be expected to cause lethality early during the development of multicellular organisms. It was therefore surprising when mutations in cohesinrelated genes were linked to developmental abnor ...
Requirements for autosomal gene activity during
... cycle 14. We identify seven early-acting regions responsible for these abnormalities and analyse the phenotypes the corresponding deletions produce during cycle-14 cellularization. Materials and methods Genotypes and stocks used Two attached autosome stocks were used to generate embryos deficient fo ...
... cycle 14. We identify seven early-acting regions responsible for these abnormalities and analyse the phenotypes the corresponding deletions produce during cycle-14 cellularization. Materials and methods Genotypes and stocks used Two attached autosome stocks were used to generate embryos deficient fo ...
TARANIS Functions with Cyclin A and Cdk1 in a Novel Arousal
... molecular clock. Since arrhythmicity does not necessarily lead to short sleep (e.g., per and timeless mutants do not have reduced sleep [32]), the rhythm phenotype of tara mutants may not be the cause of the sleep phenotype. Our data showing that tarae01264/s132 mutants displayed almost as severe a ...
... molecular clock. Since arrhythmicity does not necessarily lead to short sleep (e.g., per and timeless mutants do not have reduced sleep [32]), the rhythm phenotype of tara mutants may not be the cause of the sleep phenotype. Our data showing that tarae01264/s132 mutants displayed almost as severe a ...
Golgins and GTPases, giving identity and structure to the Golgi
... but autoantibodies to them may well arise as a result of the breakdown of the Golgi during apoptosis and necrosis leading to the generation of multiple antigenic fragments from the repetitive coiled-coil domains [13]. More recently, several additional examples of coiled-coil proteins localizing to t ...
... but autoantibodies to them may well arise as a result of the breakdown of the Golgi during apoptosis and necrosis leading to the generation of multiple antigenic fragments from the repetitive coiled-coil domains [13]. More recently, several additional examples of coiled-coil proteins localizing to t ...
Deep Insight Section Mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells
... amino acids, growth factors and energy, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) represses autophagy by inhibiting the kinase activity of ULK1. In contrast, in the absence of amino acids and growth factors, or in response to an increase in the AMP/ATP ratio (via activation of AMPK), mTORC1 is inhibited and autop ...
... amino acids, growth factors and energy, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) represses autophagy by inhibiting the kinase activity of ULK1. In contrast, in the absence of amino acids and growth factors, or in response to an increase in the AMP/ATP ratio (via activation of AMPK), mTORC1 is inhibited and autop ...
Protein kinase C- modulates mitochondrial function and active Na
... produced in primary cultures of RPTC using tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP), and the recovery of functions was examined. PKC-⑀ was activated three- to fivefold after injury. Active PKC-⑀ translocated to the mitochondria. Basal oxygen consumption (QO2), uncoupled QO2, and ATP production decreased 58, 6 ...
... produced in primary cultures of RPTC using tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP), and the recovery of functions was examined. PKC-⑀ was activated three- to fivefold after injury. Active PKC-⑀ translocated to the mitochondria. Basal oxygen consumption (QO2), uncoupled QO2, and ATP production decreased 58, 6 ...
The Aspergillus fumigatus cspA Gene Encoding a Repeat
... cspA (for cell surface protein A) encodes a repeat-rich glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall protein (CWP) in the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The number of repeats in cspA varies among isolates, and this trait is used for typing closely related strains of A. fumigatus. We ...
... cspA (for cell surface protein A) encodes a repeat-rich glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall protein (CWP) in the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The number of repeats in cspA varies among isolates, and this trait is used for typing closely related strains of A. fumigatus. We ...
Dissecting stimulus-specific Ca2+ signals in amyloplasts and
... the outer membrane of the plastid envelope (Fig. 2B), and the cytosol (Fig. 2C), respectively. Heterotrophic cell cultures were challenged with different environmental stimuli with well-established Ca2+-mediated signal transduction. This allowed us to monitor in parallel Ca2+ dynamics in the bulk cy ...
... the outer membrane of the plastid envelope (Fig. 2B), and the cytosol (Fig. 2C), respectively. Heterotrophic cell cultures were challenged with different environmental stimuli with well-established Ca2+-mediated signal transduction. This allowed us to monitor in parallel Ca2+ dynamics in the bulk cy ...
Mammalian Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal
... proteins. Given the extraordinary complexity and diversity of MAPK regulation and function, it is critical that the efficiency and selectivity of MAPK pathways be preserved. Scaffold proteins bind and sequester select MAPK pathway components, and thereby help to maintain pathway integrity and to per ...
... proteins. Given the extraordinary complexity and diversity of MAPK regulation and function, it is critical that the efficiency and selectivity of MAPK pathways be preserved. Scaffold proteins bind and sequester select MAPK pathway components, and thereby help to maintain pathway integrity and to per ...
Saliva of the Lyme Disease Vector, Lxodes dammini, Blocks
... Finally, salivation of I. datum9 was induced by placing 1/zl of a 5% (wt/vol) pilocarpine solution in methanol on the dorsum (see Materials and Methods). Since it was possible that some of this pilocarpine contaminated the induced saliva and might be involved in the suppression ofT cell re9 genesis, ...
... Finally, salivation of I. datum9 was induced by placing 1/zl of a 5% (wt/vol) pilocarpine solution in methanol on the dorsum (see Materials and Methods). Since it was possible that some of this pilocarpine contaminated the induced saliva and might be involved in the suppression ofT cell re9 genesis, ...
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... with a central -sandwich that excludes only the COOH terminus and the extreme NH2 terminus (Fig. 1). A number of invariant residues coordinate two metals, presumably Fe2⫹ and Zn2⫹, near the front edge of the -sandwich, and these metals are thought to contribute to catalysis by enhancing the nucleo ...
... with a central -sandwich that excludes only the COOH terminus and the extreme NH2 terminus (Fig. 1). A number of invariant residues coordinate two metals, presumably Fe2⫹ and Zn2⫹, near the front edge of the -sandwich, and these metals are thought to contribute to catalysis by enhancing the nucleo ...
Cenp-A Presence in Drosophila - Institute of Molecular Life Sciences
... ¤ Current address: Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ...
... ¤ Current address: Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ...
Conservation of PHO pathway in ascomycetes and the role of Pho84
... cyclin-dependent kinase complex, Pho80-Pho85, the transcription factor, Pho4 and the PHO responsive genes involved in acquisition, storage and uptake of phosphate (Lenburg and O'Shea 1996; Oshima 1997; Persson et al. 2003; Mouillon and Persson 2006; Secco et al. 2012) (figure 2). The activity of thi ...
... cyclin-dependent kinase complex, Pho80-Pho85, the transcription factor, Pho4 and the PHO responsive genes involved in acquisition, storage and uptake of phosphate (Lenburg and O'Shea 1996; Oshima 1997; Persson et al. 2003; Mouillon and Persson 2006; Secco et al. 2012) (figure 2). The activity of thi ...
PKC modulates NF-B and AP-1 via mitogen
... The expression of the PKC⑀ transgene in cardiac cells (and thus the activity of this enzyme) is also dependent on the time interval after transfection. In pilot experiments, cardiac cells were collected 8, 12, 16, 18, and 24 h after receiving 10 pfu/cell of FL-PKC⑀. We found that 18 h was the optima ...
... The expression of the PKC⑀ transgene in cardiac cells (and thus the activity of this enzyme) is also dependent on the time interval after transfection. In pilot experiments, cardiac cells were collected 8, 12, 16, 18, and 24 h after receiving 10 pfu/cell of FL-PKC⑀. We found that 18 h was the optima ...
Diacetyl Time Line
... acetolactate, which can be converted to diacetyl. Once the yeast is removed, there is no way to get rid of the diacetyl. There is another way to get the buttery, diacetyl flavor in beer. This is the diacetyl contribution that brewers would rather not talk about. You guessed it …...contamination. Lac ...
... acetolactate, which can be converted to diacetyl. Once the yeast is removed, there is no way to get rid of the diacetyl. There is another way to get the buttery, diacetyl flavor in beer. This is the diacetyl contribution that brewers would rather not talk about. You guessed it …...contamination. Lac ...
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle
A series of biochemical switches control transitions between and within the various phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of complex, ordered, sequential events that control how a single cell divides into two cells, and involves several different phases. The phases include the G1 and G2 phases, DNA replication or S phase, and the actual process of cell division, mitosis or M phase. During the M phase, the chromosomes separate and cytokinesis occurs.The switches maintain the orderly progression of the cell cycle and act as checkpoints to ensure that each phase has been properly completed before progression to the next phase. For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase, is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M by adding phosphate to protein substrates. Such multi-component (involving multiple inter-linked proteins) switches have been shown to generate decisive, robust (and potentially irreversible) transitions and trigger stable oscillations. As a result, they are a subject of active research that tries to understand how such complex properties are wired into biological control systems.