The evolution of brains from early mammals to humans
... mammals could have long gestation periods for brain development, they thereby escaped this restriction. Overall, the comparative evidence indicates that early mammals had on the order of 15–20 cortical areas (see Figure 1) that were specialized for different functions, and therefore anatomically and ...
... mammals could have long gestation periods for brain development, they thereby escaped this restriction. Overall, the comparative evidence indicates that early mammals had on the order of 15–20 cortical areas (see Figure 1) that were specialized for different functions, and therefore anatomically and ...
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... (EThG)] of the intact (right) hemisphere, while EThG was recorded from the VL nucleus of the decorticated ( left ) hemisphere. 2. The slow oscillation ( < 1 Hz) was absent in all 72 VL cells and in 23 of 25 RE cells from the decorticated hemisphere, as well as in the EThG recorded from the VL nucleu ...
... (EThG)] of the intact (right) hemisphere, while EThG was recorded from the VL nucleus of the decorticated ( left ) hemisphere. 2. The slow oscillation ( < 1 Hz) was absent in all 72 VL cells and in 23 of 25 RE cells from the decorticated hemisphere, as well as in the EThG recorded from the VL nucleu ...
OPTOGENETIC STUDY OF THE PROJECTIONS FROM THE BED
... al. 2013). Second, we aimed to minimize use-dependent depression of optogenetically-elicited ...
... al. 2013). Second, we aimed to minimize use-dependent depression of optogenetically-elicited ...
Imaging the premotor areas Nathalie Picard* and Peter L Strick
... wall of the brain contains two separate areas: the supplementary motor area proper (SMA) in the caudal portion of area 6, and the pre-SMA in the rostral portion (Figure 1a; reviewed in [2,4]). The SMA and pre-SMA are equivalent to fields F3 and F6 described by Matelli et al. [5]. In humans, the leve ...
... wall of the brain contains two separate areas: the supplementary motor area proper (SMA) in the caudal portion of area 6, and the pre-SMA in the rostral portion (Figure 1a; reviewed in [2,4]). The SMA and pre-SMA are equivalent to fields F3 and F6 described by Matelli et al. [5]. In humans, the leve ...
Tracking the Emergence of Conceptual Knowledge during Human
... nonspatial), even at liberal thresholds (i.e., p < 0.01 uncorrected), we collapsed across this factor for all subsequent analyses (see Supplemental Results). We first conducted an analysis designed to identify the overall brain network associated with proficient performance on learning trials. As a ...
... nonspatial), even at liberal thresholds (i.e., p < 0.01 uncorrected), we collapsed across this factor for all subsequent analyses (see Supplemental Results). We first conducted an analysis designed to identify the overall brain network associated with proficient performance on learning trials. As a ...
A Stereoscopic Look at Visual Cortex
... supporting stereoscopic perception is likely to be completed in the ventral stream. The first study (Krug et al. 2004) recorded from neurons in macaque V5/MT and tested their responses to correlated and anticorrelated RDSs. The authors show that V5/MT neurons, like MST neurons (Takemura et al. 2001) ...
... supporting stereoscopic perception is likely to be completed in the ventral stream. The first study (Krug et al. 2004) recorded from neurons in macaque V5/MT and tested their responses to correlated and anticorrelated RDSs. The authors show that V5/MT neurons, like MST neurons (Takemura et al. 2001) ...
THALAMOAMYGDALOID CONNECTIONS STUDIED BY THE
... It is generally supposed that amygdalopetal connections of the thalamus originate mainly in the mediodorsal nucleus (10, 12). Only recently another system of thalamoamygdaloid connections has been shown which arises in neumns of the posterior thalamic region (6, 7, 15). Moreover, some investigations ...
... It is generally supposed that amygdalopetal connections of the thalamus originate mainly in the mediodorsal nucleus (10, 12). Only recently another system of thalamoamygdaloid connections has been shown which arises in neumns of the posterior thalamic region (6, 7, 15). Moreover, some investigations ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... (1992) showed that the amplitude of the ERN increased as participants were motivated, via a payoff function, to strive for accuracy over speed in a choice reaction-time task (see also Gehring et al., 1993). His work has suggested that the system that produces the ERN is sensitive to the importance o ...
... (1992) showed that the amplitude of the ERN increased as participants were motivated, via a payoff function, to strive for accuracy over speed in a choice reaction-time task (see also Gehring et al., 1993). His work has suggested that the system that produces the ERN is sensitive to the importance o ...
The neuronal structure of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the
... observed the pear shaped nerve cells with characteristic features of interneurons (1% of total number of GLN neurons). The investigations concerning the morphology of the neurons in the human and monkey GLN, carried out on the basis of Golgi impregnated preparations, showed the domination of multipo ...
... observed the pear shaped nerve cells with characteristic features of interneurons (1% of total number of GLN neurons). The investigations concerning the morphology of the neurons in the human and monkey GLN, carried out on the basis of Golgi impregnated preparations, showed the domination of multipo ...
cereb cort
... to be coactive (the lateral weights need to reach a compromise strength which provides sufficient competition for distinct patterns while allowing multiple nodes to respond to multiple patterns). This either requires a priori knowledge of which nodes will be coactive or the ability to learn appropri ...
... to be coactive (the lateral weights need to reach a compromise strength which provides sufficient competition for distinct patterns while allowing multiple nodes to respond to multiple patterns). This either requires a priori knowledge of which nodes will be coactive or the ability to learn appropri ...
Motor System & Behavior
... and the number of muscles fibers it innervates is associated with the degree of dexterity needed in the movement high ratio (1:150) = contraction of large muscles low ratio (1: 10) = contraction of small muscles needed for fine movements ...
... and the number of muscles fibers it innervates is associated with the degree of dexterity needed in the movement high ratio (1:150) = contraction of large muscles low ratio (1: 10) = contraction of small muscles needed for fine movements ...
Reduced BOLD response to periodic visual stimulation
... entrainment, phasic bursts increased in amplitude and the tonic response was suppressed. The amplitude of the MUA response at the driving frequency shows peaks between 4 and 8 Hz, 16 and 30 Hz, and 30 and 50 Hz, indicating enhanced entrainment. This is in accordance with earlier single-cell recordin ...
... entrainment, phasic bursts increased in amplitude and the tonic response was suppressed. The amplitude of the MUA response at the driving frequency shows peaks between 4 and 8 Hz, 16 and 30 Hz, and 30 and 50 Hz, indicating enhanced entrainment. This is in accordance with earlier single-cell recordin ...
Contents
... 50 years. One reason for this is that very few atlases consider cytoarchitecture of the brain in such detail. Furthermore, the subdivision of the brainstem reticular formation, and its associated cell groups, was based on very precise and astute observations after many years of experience in the fie ...
... 50 years. One reason for this is that very few atlases consider cytoarchitecture of the brain in such detail. Furthermore, the subdivision of the brainstem reticular formation, and its associated cell groups, was based on very precise and astute observations after many years of experience in the fie ...
The Receptive Fields of Inferior Temporal Cortex Neurons in Natural
... This resulted in a large number of firing rate measurements, each of which was at a given distance from the effective visual stimulus for the cell. [The distance from the target object (S⫹) and the distractor object (S⫺) is plotted in Figure 2. It is clear when the monkey found the target, because a ...
... This resulted in a large number of firing rate measurements, each of which was at a given distance from the effective visual stimulus for the cell. [The distance from the target object (S⫹) and the distractor object (S⫺) is plotted in Figure 2. It is clear when the monkey found the target, because a ...
Selective cognitive dysfunction in acetylcholine M
... Fig. 1. Pavlovian contextual and cued fear conditioning. (a) Context fear acquisition was assessed by giving mice one shock per day 4 min after placement in a conditioning chamber for 4 consecutive days; freezing fear behavior is shown for the 4 min before each shock. M1–/– mice showed markedly grea ...
... Fig. 1. Pavlovian contextual and cued fear conditioning. (a) Context fear acquisition was assessed by giving mice one shock per day 4 min after placement in a conditioning chamber for 4 consecutive days; freezing fear behavior is shown for the 4 min before each shock. M1–/– mice showed markedly grea ...
The role of ventral premotor cortex in action execution and action
... the mouth and the foot leads to the activation of different sectors of Broca’s area and premotor cortex, according to the effector involved in the observed action. These activations follow a somatotopic pattern which resembles the classical motor cortex homunculus. These results strongly support the e ...
... the mouth and the foot leads to the activation of different sectors of Broca’s area and premotor cortex, according to the effector involved in the observed action. These activations follow a somatotopic pattern which resembles the classical motor cortex homunculus. These results strongly support the e ...
Review Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the
... glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission. As seen in development, age-related changes may be activity dependent. Age-related presynaptic changes in the cochlear nucleus include reduced glycine levels, while in the auditory midbrain and cortex, GABA synthesis and release are altered. Presumably, in r ...
... glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission. As seen in development, age-related changes may be activity dependent. Age-related presynaptic changes in the cochlear nucleus include reduced glycine levels, while in the auditory midbrain and cortex, GABA synthesis and release are altered. Presumably, in r ...
Integrated model of visual processing
... ing direction of movement in area MT). However, such computation is impossible when it requires combining neurons with selectivities to different attributes like movement direction, depth, color, shape etc . . . . One way to achieve this combination is by exchanging information between neurons in hi ...
... ing direction of movement in area MT). However, such computation is impossible when it requires combining neurons with selectivities to different attributes like movement direction, depth, color, shape etc . . . . One way to achieve this combination is by exchanging information between neurons in hi ...
Mitotic Spindle Regulation by Nde1 Controls Cerebral
... brain) is considered to be neuronal migration disorder (Dobyns and Truwit, 1995). In addition to reduced or absent gyri and sulci, lissencephalic brains typically show an abnormally thickened cortex with striking disruption of the normal six-layered neocortical pattern at the histological level (Bar ...
... brain) is considered to be neuronal migration disorder (Dobyns and Truwit, 1995). In addition to reduced or absent gyri and sulci, lissencephalic brains typically show an abnormally thickened cortex with striking disruption of the normal six-layered neocortical pattern at the histological level (Bar ...
Mechanisms of Neuronal Computation in Mammalian Visual Cortex
... blockade, however, direct experimental evidence for strong cross-orientation inhibition in cat V1 is equivocal. Intracellular recording of membrane potential (Vm) in simple cells shows little hyperpolarization in response to nonpreferred stimuli (Ferster, 1986). Measurements of Vm alone, however, ca ...
... blockade, however, direct experimental evidence for strong cross-orientation inhibition in cat V1 is equivocal. Intracellular recording of membrane potential (Vm) in simple cells shows little hyperpolarization in response to nonpreferred stimuli (Ferster, 1986). Measurements of Vm alone, however, ca ...
A Feedback Model of Visual Attention
... to multiplicatively modulate the synaptic strengths of inter-regional connections so that attended information can be selectively routed to higher cortical regions. Equivalent results can be achieved by using top-down signals to modulate the activity of neurons rather than weights of synapses (Salin ...
... to multiplicatively modulate the synaptic strengths of inter-regional connections so that attended information can be selectively routed to higher cortical regions. Equivalent results can be achieved by using top-down signals to modulate the activity of neurons rather than weights of synapses (Salin ...
Crossmodal and action-specific: neuroimaging the human mirror
... when the monkey executed a specific action (such as grasping a pellet of food) but also when it observed an experimenter performing the same action. Soon, more reports of this type of visuomotor neurons, later termed ‘mirror neurons’, followed. Some of the key findings were that, first, neurons with ...
... when the monkey executed a specific action (such as grasping a pellet of food) but also when it observed an experimenter performing the same action. Soon, more reports of this type of visuomotor neurons, later termed ‘mirror neurons’, followed. Some of the key findings were that, first, neurons with ...
BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... GABAergic neurons also express reelin, but late in development (Alcantara et al., 1998). Finally, a third population of early-generated ‘pioneer neurons’ has recently been described (Morante-Oria et al., 2003); this population does not express reelin or GABA, but can be identified by TAG1 expression ...
... GABAergic neurons also express reelin, but late in development (Alcantara et al., 1998). Finally, a third population of early-generated ‘pioneer neurons’ has recently been described (Morante-Oria et al., 2003); this population does not express reelin or GABA, but can be identified by TAG1 expression ...
memory systems in the brain
... A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a reward, such as a pleasant touch, praise, or winning a large sum of money; another example is fear produced by the sight of a painful stimulus. Frustration, anger ...
... A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a reward, such as a pleasant touch, praise, or winning a large sum of money; another example is fear produced by the sight of a painful stimulus. Frustration, anger ...
What is the other 85% of V1 doing?
... are no more valid than any other stimulus. Although it is true that an orthonormal basis (which could comprise any of these stimuli) can fully describe any pattern, characterizing the responses to each basis function in isolation is pointless when the system is non-linear. What about bars of light ...
... are no more valid than any other stimulus. Although it is true that an orthonormal basis (which could comprise any of these stimuli) can fully describe any pattern, characterizing the responses to each basis function in isolation is pointless when the system is non-linear. What about bars of light ...