The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 1997; Maren, 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2009). The major findings on which the AMYG model is based are s ...
... The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 1997; Maren, 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2009). The major findings on which the AMYG model is based are s ...
Nineteen
... cells (which thereby release more mediators), dilation of arterioles, and, sometimes, edema in the area surrounding the injury. In the skin, ...
... cells (which thereby release more mediators), dilation of arterioles, and, sometimes, edema in the area surrounding the injury. In the skin, ...
Dynamics of Learning and Recall ... Recurrent Synapses and Cholinergic Modulation
... excitation, runaway synaptic modification was prevented by clamping the activity of the network to the input pattern during learning. Though this technique was used in a large number of models,no physiological mechanismwas presented.Recently, it hasbeen shownthat the selective suppressionof synaptic ...
... excitation, runaway synaptic modification was prevented by clamping the activity of the network to the input pattern during learning. Though this technique was used in a large number of models,no physiological mechanismwas presented.Recently, it hasbeen shownthat the selective suppressionof synaptic ...
Consolidation
... intervention to electroconvulsive shock, can interfere with the memory for an event, and that the degree of interference is directly related to the amount of time between the event and the interfering factor. The time course of this type of consolidation is on the order of a few seconds. The physica ...
... intervention to electroconvulsive shock, can interfere with the memory for an event, and that the degree of interference is directly related to the amount of time between the event and the interfering factor. The time course of this type of consolidation is on the order of a few seconds. The physica ...
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... over 3.5 mm to cross cytoarchitectonic borders into other ‘‘unimodal’’ sensory cortical areas. To determine whether long horizontal axons have the spatial distribution necessary to underlie this activity spread, we injected adenoassociated viral vectors into barrel cortex and characterized labeled a ...
... over 3.5 mm to cross cytoarchitectonic borders into other ‘‘unimodal’’ sensory cortical areas. To determine whether long horizontal axons have the spatial distribution necessary to underlie this activity spread, we injected adenoassociated viral vectors into barrel cortex and characterized labeled a ...
The amygdala - University of Puget Sound
... Cellular mechanisms The amygdala is a relatively ‘silent’ area of the brain. It contains a strong inhibitory network that keeps spontaneous cellular activity low and that prevents cells from firing action potentials to irrelevant stimuli. Novel stimuli elicit responses, but these rapidly habituate i ...
... Cellular mechanisms The amygdala is a relatively ‘silent’ area of the brain. It contains a strong inhibitory network that keeps spontaneous cellular activity low and that prevents cells from firing action potentials to irrelevant stimuli. Novel stimuli elicit responses, but these rapidly habituate i ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... (OFC), and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) by the tastants 1 M glucose, 0.005 M inosine 5⬘-monophosphate (IMP), 0.05 M monosodium glutamate (MSG), a combination of the MSG and IMP (MSGIMP), and the conjunction of all tastants. In the group analysis used, the peak of each of these activations is ...
... (OFC), and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) by the tastants 1 M glucose, 0.005 M inosine 5⬘-monophosphate (IMP), 0.05 M monosodium glutamate (MSG), a combination of the MSG and IMP (MSGIMP), and the conjunction of all tastants. In the group analysis used, the peak of each of these activations is ...
Mirror Neurons in a New World Monkey, Common Marmoset
... The neuronal responses, expressed as the mean firing rate (spikes per second) of multiunit activity, were measured in two different time epochs: Epoch 1 corresponds to a 1-s period centered at the hand-food contact and Epoch 2 corresponds to a 1-s period starting 5 s before the hand-food contact (ba ...
... The neuronal responses, expressed as the mean firing rate (spikes per second) of multiunit activity, were measured in two different time epochs: Epoch 1 corresponds to a 1-s period centered at the hand-food contact and Epoch 2 corresponds to a 1-s period starting 5 s before the hand-food contact (ba ...
Processes Changes in Acetylcholine Extracellular Levels
... and hippocampus and elicited different behaviors including signs of fear, in response to noise and stimulation, exploratory behavior after a visual stimulus, and sniffing and consummatory behavior after olfactory stimulation. All stimuli produced an ACh increase of the same size in the hippocampus, ...
... and hippocampus and elicited different behaviors including signs of fear, in response to noise and stimulation, exploratory behavior after a visual stimulus, and sniffing and consummatory behavior after olfactory stimulation. All stimuli produced an ACh increase of the same size in the hippocampus, ...
(Full text - MSWord file 171K)
... 2.3 Contreras-Vidal and Schultz (1999) Contreras-Vidal and Schultz (1999) provide a neural network architecture related to basal ganglia anatomy which can account for DA responses to novelty, generalization and discrimination of appetitive and aversive stimuli, by incorporating an additional adaptiv ...
... 2.3 Contreras-Vidal and Schultz (1999) Contreras-Vidal and Schultz (1999) provide a neural network architecture related to basal ganglia anatomy which can account for DA responses to novelty, generalization and discrimination of appetitive and aversive stimuli, by incorporating an additional adaptiv ...
Evolution of Specialized Pyramidal Neurons in
... number of primary dendritic shafts that leave the soma asymmetrically at almost any point around its surface [Braak and Braak, 1976; Scheibel et al., 1977; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1978; Meyer, 1987]. Although these dendrites project into all cortical layers, most horizontal dendritic arbors occupy la ...
... number of primary dendritic shafts that leave the soma asymmetrically at almost any point around its surface [Braak and Braak, 1976; Scheibel et al., 1977; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1978; Meyer, 1987]. Although these dendrites project into all cortical layers, most horizontal dendritic arbors occupy la ...
Neuronal Interaction Dynamics in Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... temperature, and EEG were monitored during the entire experiment. Respiration was adjusted for an end-tidal C O2 between 3.5 and 4.0%. The body temperature was kept at 37.5°C by means of a feedbackcontrolled heating pad. Contact lenses with artificial pupils (3 mm diameter) were used to cover the ey ...
... temperature, and EEG were monitored during the entire experiment. Respiration was adjusted for an end-tidal C O2 between 3.5 and 4.0%. The body temperature was kept at 37.5°C by means of a feedbackcontrolled heating pad. Contact lenses with artificial pupils (3 mm diameter) were used to cover the ey ...
Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex
... real-life decision making, in the context of otherwise preserved intellectual abilities (Damasio, 1994). Bechara and co-workers developed a gambling task to model certain key aspects of real life decision-making which is typified by uncertain premises and outcomes, together with the requirement to p ...
... real-life decision making, in the context of otherwise preserved intellectual abilities (Damasio, 1994). Bechara and co-workers developed a gambling task to model certain key aspects of real life decision-making which is typified by uncertain premises and outcomes, together with the requirement to p ...
Frequency-Dependent Processing in the Vibrissa Sensory System
... evoked a smaller response in the VPm while a rat was whisking compared with when it was in a quiescent state. One explanation for this effect is that whisking generates sensory feedback at the frequency of vibrissa motion, even when rats whisk in air and the vibrissae do not contact a surface (Fee e ...
... evoked a smaller response in the VPm while a rat was whisking compared with when it was in a quiescent state. One explanation for this effect is that whisking generates sensory feedback at the frequency of vibrissa motion, even when rats whisk in air and the vibrissae do not contact a surface (Fee e ...
Neural correlates of odor learning in the honeybee antennal lobe
... Fig. 2. Frequency analysis of the LFP and relationship of spikes to LFP. (a) Top: raw power spectra for the four consecutive 500-ms time windows: spontaneous baseline activity (gray), phasic ON-response (red), sustained response (magenta) and OFF-response (blue). Each box shows the trial-averaged po ...
... Fig. 2. Frequency analysis of the LFP and relationship of spikes to LFP. (a) Top: raw power spectra for the four consecutive 500-ms time windows: spontaneous baseline activity (gray), phasic ON-response (red), sustained response (magenta) and OFF-response (blue). Each box shows the trial-averaged po ...
BETA ACTIVITY: A CARRIER FOR VISUAL ATTENTION
... Neuronal circuits located in higher levels of the mammalian visual system project feedback pathways terminating on principal cells of the preceding level (Felleman and Van Essen 1991, Zeki 1993). The idea that the descending systems might be used for control of the attention processes is not new (Ad ...
... Neuronal circuits located in higher levels of the mammalian visual system project feedback pathways terminating on principal cells of the preceding level (Felleman and Van Essen 1991, Zeki 1993). The idea that the descending systems might be used for control of the attention processes is not new (Ad ...
Segmentation of neuronal nuclei based on clump splitting
... image noise has been reduced to a minimum in the post-binarization images, nuclei are still difficult to segment, as they may overlap with other nuclei and these nuclei may belong to different cell types (i.e., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, pericytes, etc.). To overcome these problems, we ha ...
... image noise has been reduced to a minimum in the post-binarization images, nuclei are still difficult to segment, as they may overlap with other nuclei and these nuclei may belong to different cell types (i.e., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, pericytes, etc.). To overcome these problems, we ha ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... movements in response to inedible or distasteful objects taken into the buccal cavity (Morton and Chiel 1993a). During rejection, the two halves of the radula are closed as the odontophore protracts toward the mouth and they are open as the odontophore retracts, which ejects the inedible object from ...
... movements in response to inedible or distasteful objects taken into the buccal cavity (Morton and Chiel 1993a). During rejection, the two halves of the radula are closed as the odontophore protracts toward the mouth and they are open as the odontophore retracts, which ejects the inedible object from ...
Behavioral and Pathological Effects in the Rat
... associated with permanent histopathological changes. Silverstaining data indicated that sparse axonal degeneration may occur in the cerebral cortex, but only at doses of IDPN above those required to induce the ECC syndrome (Llorens et al., 1993a). We then hypothesized that the motor alterations were ...
... associated with permanent histopathological changes. Silverstaining data indicated that sparse axonal degeneration may occur in the cerebral cortex, but only at doses of IDPN above those required to induce the ECC syndrome (Llorens et al., 1993a). We then hypothesized that the motor alterations were ...
PDF
... and perception using only electrophysiological recordings. Sound stimuli cannot be used to investigate how signals in different parts of the cortex influence behavior because any given sound stimulus could activate thousands or millions of neurons distributed across many cortical areas, thereby maki ...
... and perception using only electrophysiological recordings. Sound stimuli cannot be used to investigate how signals in different parts of the cortex influence behavior because any given sound stimulus could activate thousands or millions of neurons distributed across many cortical areas, thereby maki ...
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 ...
... Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 ...
Vision`s First Steps: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception in the
... In primates, the LGN contains six layers of cell bodies that can be classified in two groups according to their histological characteristics: the two bottom layers (ventral) contain large cell bodies and are called magnocellular layers; cells in the four upper layers (dorsal) are smaller and are cal ...
... In primates, the LGN contains six layers of cell bodies that can be classified in two groups according to their histological characteristics: the two bottom layers (ventral) contain large cell bodies and are called magnocellular layers; cells in the four upper layers (dorsal) are smaller and are cal ...
Aberrant changes of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in brain of a
... following manufacturer’s instructions. The concentration of RNA was measured by spectrophotometer to make sure a A260/A280 ratio close to 1.8–2.0. Equal amount of RNA (500 ng) from each sample was used for cDNA synthesis in a volume of 10 µl according to the guideline in Takara RT reagent kit (Takar ...
... following manufacturer’s instructions. The concentration of RNA was measured by spectrophotometer to make sure a A260/A280 ratio close to 1.8–2.0. Equal amount of RNA (500 ng) from each sample was used for cDNA synthesis in a volume of 10 µl according to the guideline in Takara RT reagent kit (Takar ...
Negative BOLD in Sensory Cortices During
... of visual objects presented at a 1 Hz rate (while fixating, and with no further instruction). This SCR condition was scanned in all sighted subjects and its activation was used to define posterior occipital cortex/retinotopic visual areas (Fig. 3). This was done using the same block design (12 s sti ...
... of visual objects presented at a 1 Hz rate (while fixating, and with no further instruction). This SCR condition was scanned in all sighted subjects and its activation was used to define posterior occipital cortex/retinotopic visual areas (Fig. 3). This was done using the same block design (12 s sti ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... projections from subcortical regions to NAcc elicit aversion. Thus the authors tested whether cortical GABAergic projections could also mediate aversive responses. Indeed, they found that mice refrained from entering a chamber paired with stimulation of GABAergic mPFC fibers in NAcc, suggesting that ...
... projections from subcortical regions to NAcc elicit aversion. Thus the authors tested whether cortical GABAergic projections could also mediate aversive responses. Indeed, they found that mice refrained from entering a chamber paired with stimulation of GABAergic mPFC fibers in NAcc, suggesting that ...