Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... map that is less organized than that found when the contralateral eye is enucleated but the ipsilateral eye is allowed to open naturally between P10 to P12 (Smith and Trachtenberg, 2007). While there are features whose development is clearly dependent on visual experience, other features are partia ...
... map that is less organized than that found when the contralateral eye is enucleated but the ipsilateral eye is allowed to open naturally between P10 to P12 (Smith and Trachtenberg, 2007). While there are features whose development is clearly dependent on visual experience, other features are partia ...
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX NEURONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
... of the retinal input (Livingstone and Hubel, 1988; Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Lennie, 1998). Specifically, visual information is conceived to be amplified and conveyed at high gain and fidelity to and through a hierarchically organized visual cortex by feed-forward connections, where the informat ...
... of the retinal input (Livingstone and Hubel, 1988; Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Lennie, 1998). Specifically, visual information is conceived to be amplified and conveyed at high gain and fidelity to and through a hierarchically organized visual cortex by feed-forward connections, where the informat ...
Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin
... ranging from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P96. At all ages, the brain was cooled as rapidly as possible with 4°C oxygenated sucrose artificial CSF (ACSF) (254 mM sucrose was substituted for NaCl). Prefrontal slices were cut from anterior to posterior using the appearance of white matter and the corpus ca ...
... ranging from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P96. At all ages, the brain was cooled as rapidly as possible with 4°C oxygenated sucrose artificial CSF (ACSF) (254 mM sucrose was substituted for NaCl). Prefrontal slices were cut from anterior to posterior using the appearance of white matter and the corpus ca ...
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... nerve fibres were very abundant in the SO ganglionated plexus. Some of them expressed simultaneously immunoreactivity for SP, and many SP-positive only nerve terminals were also found within the ganglia and in nerve bundles closely associated with the SO muscle. These CGRP and/or SP-positive fibres ...
... nerve fibres were very abundant in the SO ganglionated plexus. Some of them expressed simultaneously immunoreactivity for SP, and many SP-positive only nerve terminals were also found within the ganglia and in nerve bundles closely associated with the SO muscle. These CGRP and/or SP-positive fibres ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP or LTD (Fig. 2a– ...
... between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP or LTD (Fig. 2a– ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... USA). The reconstructed figures were captured and digitized by a conventional scanner. The axonal arborization was reconstructed as described previously (Ohno et al. 2012). Briefly, a whole parasagittal or frontal section was automatically captured into a large color image with a spatial resolution of ...
... USA). The reconstructed figures were captured and digitized by a conventional scanner. The axonal arborization was reconstructed as described previously (Ohno et al. 2012). Briefly, a whole parasagittal or frontal section was automatically captured into a large color image with a spatial resolution of ...
Long-Term Depression in Identified Stellate Neurons of Juvenile Rat
... Stellate neuron synapses are devoid of HFS-induced LTP but exhibit LFS- and pairing-induced LTD Stellate neurons in layer II of the EC receive glutamatergic innervation from the pyramidal neurons in the deep layers and the axons of stellate neurons form the perforant path that innervates the dentate ...
... Stellate neuron synapses are devoid of HFS-induced LTP but exhibit LFS- and pairing-induced LTD Stellate neurons in layer II of the EC receive glutamatergic innervation from the pyramidal neurons in the deep layers and the axons of stellate neurons form the perforant path that innervates the dentate ...
Significance of the cranial neural crest
... The cranial neural crest has long been viewed as being of particular significance. First, it has been held that the cranial neural crest has a morphogenetic role, acting to coordinate the development of the pharyngeal arches. By contrast, the trunk crest seems to play a more subservient role in terms ...
... The cranial neural crest has long been viewed as being of particular significance. First, it has been held that the cranial neural crest has a morphogenetic role, acting to coordinate the development of the pharyngeal arches. By contrast, the trunk crest seems to play a more subservient role in terms ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... have been stymied by the early lethality of Raldh2 null embryos prior to motor neuron generation (Niederreither et al., 1999). A recent study where Raldh2 expression was genetically ablated in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor ne ...
... have been stymied by the early lethality of Raldh2 null embryos prior to motor neuron generation (Niederreither et al., 1999). A recent study where Raldh2 expression was genetically ablated in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor ne ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... decreased spike count, as well as to jitters in spike times. Our results support the hypothesis of a complex spatiotemporal coding of behavioral adaptation by dACC, and suggest that dACC signals are unlikely to be decoded by a neural integrator. Second, we further investigated the impact of dACC tem ...
... decreased spike count, as well as to jitters in spike times. Our results support the hypothesis of a complex spatiotemporal coding of behavioral adaptation by dACC, and suggest that dACC signals are unlikely to be decoded by a neural integrator. Second, we further investigated the impact of dACC tem ...
Zebrafish foxd3 is selectively required for neural crest specification
... et al., 2000). At 48 hpf, the expression of these markers indicated a reduction of peripheral glia within the cranial ganglia as well as those associated with axons of the lateral line system (Figs. 1L, P; and data not shown). The development of neural crest-derived chromatophores is delayed in sym1 ...
... et al., 2000). At 48 hpf, the expression of these markers indicated a reduction of peripheral glia within the cranial ganglia as well as those associated with axons of the lateral line system (Figs. 1L, P; and data not shown). The development of neural crest-derived chromatophores is delayed in sym1 ...
Aalborg Universitet Learning Bayesian Networks with Mixed Variables Bøttcher, Susanne Gammelgaard
... of conditional independence between the variables. It consists of two parts, a knowledge base and an inference engine for handling this knowledge. This thesis relies on already developed methods for inference and concentrate on constructing the knowledge base. When constructing the knowledge base, t ...
... of conditional independence between the variables. It consists of two parts, a knowledge base and an inference engine for handling this knowledge. This thesis relies on already developed methods for inference and concentrate on constructing the knowledge base. When constructing the knowledge base, t ...
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... of these correlations. If an amygdala neuron merely represents motivational significance then correlations between amygdala activity and reaction times would have the same sign regardless of the location of the saccade target. Increased activity, for example, would predict shorter reaction times for ...
... of these correlations. If an amygdala neuron merely represents motivational significance then correlations between amygdala activity and reaction times would have the same sign regardless of the location of the saccade target. Increased activity, for example, would predict shorter reaction times for ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... lated with the cytoarchitectural characteristics as defined by cresyl violet staining and nNOS staining. From a coronal perspective, Sol is broadly divided into a smaller lateral and a larger medial subdivision based on their position in relation to the SolT. The lateral subdivision is further subdi ...
... lated with the cytoarchitectural characteristics as defined by cresyl violet staining and nNOS staining. From a coronal perspective, Sol is broadly divided into a smaller lateral and a larger medial subdivision based on their position in relation to the SolT. The lateral subdivision is further subdi ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... pondence. Projections of the lateral geniculate body to the occipital cortex were also shown by Clark (I932) and Waller (I934). Recent electrophysiological studies of the visual system of the rat have demonstrated that the primary visual area has a distinct and precisely arranged retinotopic organiz ...
... pondence. Projections of the lateral geniculate body to the occipital cortex were also shown by Clark (I932) and Waller (I934). Recent electrophysiological studies of the visual system of the rat have demonstrated that the primary visual area has a distinct and precisely arranged retinotopic organiz ...
Extended PDF
... (A) In a ventriloquist paradigm, participants were presented with synchronous audiovisual signals originating from four possible locations along the azimuth. The visual signal was a cloud of white dots. The auditory signal was a brief burst of white noise. Participants localized either the auditory ...
... (A) In a ventriloquist paradigm, participants were presented with synchronous audiovisual signals originating from four possible locations along the azimuth. The visual signal was a cloud of white dots. The auditory signal was a brief burst of white noise. Participants localized either the auditory ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been used to characterize the morphology and distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals within the macaque striate cortex. Despite some differences in the relative sensitivity of these antisera for d ...
... Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been used to characterize the morphology and distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals within the macaque striate cortex. Despite some differences in the relative sensitivity of these antisera for d ...
Extraction of Sensory Parameters from a Neural Map by Primary
... Figure 1. Functional organization of the cricket cercal sensory system. A, Schematic diagram of the common house cricket, Acheta domestica, showing the location of the abdominal nerve cord. The cerci are two abdominal appendages projecting from the rear of the animal’s body. Both cerci are covered w ...
... Figure 1. Functional organization of the cricket cercal sensory system. A, Schematic diagram of the common house cricket, Acheta domestica, showing the location of the abdominal nerve cord. The cerci are two abdominal appendages projecting from the rear of the animal’s body. Both cerci are covered w ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... Table 2 Associative learning. Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour ha ...
... Table 2 Associative learning. Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour ha ...
Activity Regulates the Incidence of Heteronymous Sensory
... sensory-motor circuits are assembled in an activityindependent manner. Yet it remains unclear whether activity-dependent refinement has a role in the establishment of connections between sensory afferents and those motor pools that have synergistic biomechanical functions. We show here that genetica ...
... sensory-motor circuits are assembled in an activityindependent manner. Yet it remains unclear whether activity-dependent refinement has a role in the establishment of connections between sensory afferents and those motor pools that have synergistic biomechanical functions. We show here that genetica ...
The Effects of Short-term and Long-term Learning on the Responses
... The monkeys were trained on three tasks, run consecutively in each session (Figure 2). The first two tasks were mainly used for stimulus and unit selection. We will briefly report some results from these tasks, but our focus here will be on the main task, an active shape–saccade association task (se ...
... The monkeys were trained on three tasks, run consecutively in each session (Figure 2). The first two tasks were mainly used for stimulus and unit selection. We will briefly report some results from these tasks, but our focus here will be on the main task, an active shape–saccade association task (se ...
Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs to Cortical Neurons
... whether fluctuating external inputs may generate gamma process-like spike outputs, and whether the two quantities are actually decoupled. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of cortical neurons were performed to confirm the predictions of the model. The output spikes were well fitted by the gamma dist ...
... whether fluctuating external inputs may generate gamma process-like spike outputs, and whether the two quantities are actually decoupled. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of cortical neurons were performed to confirm the predictions of the model. The output spikes were well fitted by the gamma dist ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... LGN responses to a variety of stimuli; with a single set of parameters, it captures saturation, size tuning, and masking. It also correctly predicts that responses to small stimuli grow proportionally with contrast: were it not for the suppressive field, LGN responses would be linear. We characteriz ...
... LGN responses to a variety of stimuli; with a single set of parameters, it captures saturation, size tuning, and masking. It also correctly predicts that responses to small stimuli grow proportionally with contrast: were it not for the suppressive field, LGN responses would be linear. We characteriz ...
Congruent Activity during Action and Action Observation in Motor
... only happened if the animal was momentarily distracted from the task and removed his arm from the manipulandum. The experiment consisted of two phases: active movement and observation. In the active movement phase, the animal controlled the cursor via the manipulandum. In the observation phase, the ...
... only happened if the animal was momentarily distracted from the task and removed his arm from the manipulandum. The experiment consisted of two phases: active movement and observation. In the active movement phase, the animal controlled the cursor via the manipulandum. In the observation phase, the ...