A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity
... neocortical organization. These regularities are important because they provide an empirical framework for interpreting the results from single injections into other cortical areas. Our analysis of 1615 connections, including 36% that we consider to be NFP, reveals a high density of cortico-cortical ...
... neocortical organization. These regularities are important because they provide an empirical framework for interpreting the results from single injections into other cortical areas. Our analysis of 1615 connections, including 36% that we consider to be NFP, reveals a high density of cortico-cortical ...
Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... focus on superficial (i.e., layers II–III) pyramidal neurons (mean soma depth = 794 ± 131 lm) in the two cortical regions. Because the Golgi impregnation was not uniform, more neurons appropriate for quantification were sampled from LA1 (n = 46) than from LA3 (n = 29). A total of 40 superficial pyra ...
... focus on superficial (i.e., layers II–III) pyramidal neurons (mean soma depth = 794 ± 131 lm) in the two cortical regions. Because the Golgi impregnation was not uniform, more neurons appropriate for quantification were sampled from LA1 (n = 46) than from LA3 (n = 29). A total of 40 superficial pyra ...
Axo-axonic synapses formed by somatostatin
... inhibitory effects may involve hyperpolarization and blockade of action potential firing (Miles et al., 1996) or may lead to changes in membrane conductance that reduce the amplitude of excitatory responses (Borg-Graham et al., 1998). Although, it is known for some time that interneurons are morphol ...
... inhibitory effects may involve hyperpolarization and blockade of action potential firing (Miles et al., 1996) or may lead to changes in membrane conductance that reduce the amplitude of excitatory responses (Borg-Graham et al., 1998). Although, it is known for some time that interneurons are morphol ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... the perfusion itself because it would have required surgery before perfusion for each individual case. This is not, however, a limitation in our study since we compared densities of synapses at different stages of maturation rather than estimate the absolute number of synaptic contacts. A total of 9 ...
... the perfusion itself because it would have required surgery before perfusion for each individual case. This is not, however, a limitation in our study since we compared densities of synapses at different stages of maturation rather than estimate the absolute number of synaptic contacts. A total of 9 ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... asked whether the two general types of L5 projection neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralat ...
... asked whether the two general types of L5 projection neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralat ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... recent proposals assume that both frontal and parietal attention-related areas are important for conscious perception14, and that top–down signals from these areas to the extrastriate cortex might be important for selecting specific visual representations for awareness20. Hierarchical models predict ...
... recent proposals assume that both frontal and parietal attention-related areas are important for conscious perception14, and that top–down signals from these areas to the extrastriate cortex might be important for selecting specific visual representations for awareness20. Hierarchical models predict ...
Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices
... individuals’ acts (Gallese et al. 1996; Rizzolatti et al. 1996; Umiltà et al. 2001; Kohler et al. 2002). More recently, it has been shown that also motor neurons of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) convexity code the goal of motor acts. Furthermore, in the rostral part of this lobule, MNs have be ...
... individuals’ acts (Gallese et al. 1996; Rizzolatti et al. 1996; Umiltà et al. 2001; Kohler et al. 2002). More recently, it has been shown that also motor neurons of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) convexity code the goal of motor acts. Furthermore, in the rostral part of this lobule, MNs have be ...
electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... Although the precise mechanism of delayed neuronal degeneration in the SNR following MCA occlusion is not known, there is increasing evidence that the excessive excitation induced by a loss of an inhibitory GABAergic input from the neostriatum and/or the globus pallidus plays a major role. The delay ...
... Although the precise mechanism of delayed neuronal degeneration in the SNR following MCA occlusion is not known, there is increasing evidence that the excessive excitation induced by a loss of an inhibitory GABAergic input from the neostriatum and/or the globus pallidus plays a major role. The delay ...
Synaptic Pruning in Development: A Novel Account in Neural Terms
... lacking any computational signi cance. Others have hypothesized that synapses which are strengthened at an early stage might be later revealed as harmful to overall memory function, when additional memories are stored. Thus, they claimed, synaptic elimination may reduce the interference between memo ...
... lacking any computational signi cance. Others have hypothesized that synapses which are strengthened at an early stage might be later revealed as harmful to overall memory function, when additional memories are stored. Thus, they claimed, synaptic elimination may reduce the interference between memo ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... opposition of the thumb to the other fingers. The monkeys used finger prehension to pick up middle-size objects from a deep narrow container, (iii) 'Whole hand prehension', i.e. flexion of all fingers around an object. It was evoked by large objects. Reaching was studied by presenting various object ...
... opposition of the thumb to the other fingers. The monkeys used finger prehension to pick up middle-size objects from a deep narrow container, (iii) 'Whole hand prehension', i.e. flexion of all fingers around an object. It was evoked by large objects. Reaching was studied by presenting various object ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... cortical connectional architecture. Here, we present the hypothesis that such loops involving the neocortex are neither novel nor the first evolutionary example of closed-loop architecture involving the basal ganglia. Specifically, we propose that a phylogenetically older, closed-loop series of subc ...
... cortical connectional architecture. Here, we present the hypothesis that such loops involving the neocortex are neither novel nor the first evolutionary example of closed-loop architecture involving the basal ganglia. Specifically, we propose that a phylogenetically older, closed-loop series of subc ...
identification of cell types in brain slices of the inferior colliculus
... parallel the ®bro-dendritic laminae. A second, less common neuron with a different dendritic morphology is also found in all species studied (e.g. the less-¯at neuron in the rat). In contrast, physiology suggests three or more cell types are present based on responses to binaural acoustic stimuli an ...
... parallel the ®bro-dendritic laminae. A second, less common neuron with a different dendritic morphology is also found in all species studied (e.g. the less-¯at neuron in the rat). In contrast, physiology suggests three or more cell types are present based on responses to binaural acoustic stimuli an ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... was localized immunohistochemically and AChE was localized histochemically in normal, colchicinetreated, or diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)-treated rats, either in neighboring sections by standard procedures or simultaneously in the same sections by immunofluorescence for ChAT, followed by photogra ...
... was localized immunohistochemically and AChE was localized histochemically in normal, colchicinetreated, or diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)-treated rats, either in neighboring sections by standard procedures or simultaneously in the same sections by immunofluorescence for ChAT, followed by photogra ...
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... GABA, met-enkephalin, or leu-enkephalin (Glazer et al., 1981; Kachidian et al., 1991; Pilowsky, 2014). Transcriptional profiling of individual serotonergic neurons supports similar conclusions, revealing molecularly distinct subtypes of 5-HT neurons (Spaethling et al., 2014; Okaty et al., 2015), inc ...
... GABA, met-enkephalin, or leu-enkephalin (Glazer et al., 1981; Kachidian et al., 1991; Pilowsky, 2014). Transcriptional profiling of individual serotonergic neurons supports similar conclusions, revealing molecularly distinct subtypes of 5-HT neurons (Spaethling et al., 2014; Okaty et al., 2015), inc ...
Saccade Target Selection in Frontal Eye Field of Macaque. I. Visual
... signal could be varied relative to target presentation. In the basic condition the trigger signal coincided with target presentation (Fig. 1A); this condition usually used 0% nogo trials. In the instructed delay condition, the monkey was required to maintain fixation on the central spot after the ta ...
... signal could be varied relative to target presentation. In the basic condition the trigger signal coincided with target presentation (Fig. 1A); this condition usually used 0% nogo trials. In the instructed delay condition, the monkey was required to maintain fixation on the central spot after the ta ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD) to measure fluorescence intensity relative to background (adjacent non-TH region). For each group of wake-active neurons, the total number of nucleated wake neurons on all relevant sections were counted, and the percentage of these neuro ...
... Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD) to measure fluorescence intensity relative to background (adjacent non-TH region). For each group of wake-active neurons, the total number of nucleated wake neurons on all relevant sections were counted, and the percentage of these neuro ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... for all three monkeys. In the experiments performed on one monkey, the pattern was trimmed to 175 mm long to make room for a segment with oriented bars. Otherwise, the stimuli were identical in the three monkeys. Each dot was 400 mm high (in relief) and 500 mm in diameter at its top, with sides that ...
... for all three monkeys. In the experiments performed on one monkey, the pattern was trimmed to 175 mm long to make room for a segment with oriented bars. Otherwise, the stimuli were identical in the three monkeys. Each dot was 400 mm high (in relief) and 500 mm in diameter at its top, with sides that ...
Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata
... Another tacit assumption of the present mathematical theory is that there are no errors in the functioning of neurons; i.e., a given neuron fires at a given moment, if and only if it should under the McCulloch-Pitts rules. ...
... Another tacit assumption of the present mathematical theory is that there are no errors in the functioning of neurons; i.e., a given neuron fires at a given moment, if and only if it should under the McCulloch-Pitts rules. ...
Dynamics and Synchronization of Motifs of Neuronal Populations in the Presence
... Altogether, these approaches demonstrate the tendency of segregation of brain activity. The recognition of this fact leads straightforwardly to the necessity of an integration principle. Cognitive functions, like perception, attention, and memory, demand to assemble pieces of information that are co ...
... Altogether, these approaches demonstrate the tendency of segregation of brain activity. The recognition of this fact leads straightforwardly to the necessity of an integration principle. Cognitive functions, like perception, attention, and memory, demand to assemble pieces of information that are co ...
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... selection. Additionally, we can see that the farther the hand position was from the center of the workspace, the more likely the upcoming target was to be in the opposite direction (Fig. ...
... selection. Additionally, we can see that the farther the hand position was from the center of the workspace, the more likely the upcoming target was to be in the opposite direction (Fig. ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power-stroke inhibitors (PSIs). We studied the structures and passive electrical properties of these neurons, and tested the hypothesis that different types of motor neurons would have different passive properties that influenced generation of the swimmer ...
... (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power-stroke inhibitors (PSIs). We studied the structures and passive electrical properties of these neurons, and tested the hypothesis that different types of motor neurons would have different passive properties that influenced generation of the swimmer ...
Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of
... allowed us to examine temporal storage capacity under conditions when visual sensory stimuli and eye movements were at a minimum. Unless otherwise indicated, only data from successful trials were analyzed in this study. To ensure that there were sufficient spike data for the analysis of baseline act ...
... allowed us to examine temporal storage capacity under conditions when visual sensory stimuli and eye movements were at a minimum. Unless otherwise indicated, only data from successful trials were analyzed in this study. To ensure that there were sufficient spike data for the analysis of baseline act ...
Modeling multiple time scale firing rate adaptation in a neural
... exponentials. In other words, to the degree that the filter h(t) can be approximated by exponentials, these methods will be similar and give the approximate results mentioned above. This approach can similarly be used to directly model multiple time scale processes such as time invariant power law r ...
... exponentials. In other words, to the degree that the filter h(t) can be approximated by exponentials, these methods will be similar and give the approximate results mentioned above. This approach can similarly be used to directly model multiple time scale processes such as time invariant power law r ...
Amoeba-Based Emergent Computing: Combinatorial Optimization
... elements [1, 2]. The molecular elements capable of self-organizing behavior, for example, chemicals [3, 4], nanoparticles [5], and biomolecules [6], are expected to perform massively parallel (concurrent) computing without introducing elaborate microscopic control techniques. Moreover, if an appropr ...
... elements [1, 2]. The molecular elements capable of self-organizing behavior, for example, chemicals [3, 4], nanoparticles [5], and biomolecules [6], are expected to perform massively parallel (concurrent) computing without introducing elaborate microscopic control techniques. Moreover, if an appropr ...