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... The use of an in vitro test bed for exploring neuronal population activation offers significant advantages in characterizing stimulus-evoked effects. One highlight is the ease of access to a homogenous population of neurons that can be grown directly atop a micro electrode array. Neurons can be stim ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons

... possibilities (Buzsaki 2006). Therefore, GABAergic interneurons have diverse morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics, even though they are a minor population (~20%) in the cortex. Although interneurons are a heterogeneous group of neuronal cells, they often have common features th ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically

... We used this type of faradic stimulation because cortical seizures often contain ripples at 100–120 Hz, both intracellularly and at the EEG level (see Figs. 8 and 14 in Steriade et al. 1998a), and such fast oscillations may have a strong impact on postsynaptic neurons. Intracellularly recorded neuro ...
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral

... et al., 1988). Because this inhibitory source is postulated to be tuned to a wide range of acoustic frequencies, it has been referred to as the ‘‘wideband inhibitor’’ (Nelken and Young, 1994). Wideband inhibition in the DCN is probably not mediated by the inhibitory interneurons of the DCN (Osen et ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma

... a steepened growth of discharge rate with sound level in auditory nerve fibers (Harrison, 1981; Moore, 1995). However, such a change has not been observed following acoustic trauma (Heinz and Young, 2004; Heinz et al., 2005). At the same time, studies have provided evidence for steeper growth of ove ...
- Columbia University Medical Center
- Columbia University Medical Center

... segregation of motor pools that are normally distinguished by expression of this protein. Type II cadherins are also expressed by proprioceptive sensory neurons, raising the possibility that cadherins regulate additional steps in the development of sensory-motor circuits. Introduction Many hundreds ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular

... ATP13A2 mutations in order to confirm dopaminergic neuronal loss. To directly explore the impact of ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To vali ...
7 Anatomy and Function of the Normal Rectum and Anus
7 Anatomy and Function of the Normal Rectum and Anus

... of the lower animals are rearranged around the raphe in humans. In man, these muscles form the pelvic diaphragm and its raphe and are composed of the ilioand pubococcygeus muscles. The puborectalis muscle, which is grouped anatomically and embryologically with the levator ani muscle, is not found in ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic

... identify and/or lesion A2 neurons; however, these criteria do not allow A2 and C2 neurons to be distinguished within visceral NST regions where they overlap. The extent to which the connections and functions of these rostral A2/caudal C2 neurons are similar or unique remains largely unexplored. Tran ...
Brainstem: Midbrain - nikolai.lazarov.pro
Brainstem: Midbrain - nikolai.lazarov.pro

...  pigmented grey matter (also called “Black Matter” though it is not entirely black!)  neuromelanin and dopamine: dopamine ...
Dopaminergic Transmission and Wake
Dopaminergic Transmission and Wake

... Early biochemical studies suggested that cocaine and amphetamine inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin into nerve terminals. In addition, amphetamines affect the transport of monamines into synaptic vesicles. The development of radioligands for DAT led to studies which showed ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the

... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Study of
Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Study of

... neurons and glia, are found in both flies and mammals. Neurons show almost all the functional and molecular features of mammalian neurons: axons with their transport machinery, pumps, and voltage-gated channels that underlie action potential transmission, presynaptic terminals with all the machinery ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic

... was recorded as gentle mechanical stimuli (delivered by a saline soaked cotton applicator) were applied for 2-3 seconds to various loci on the ventral and ventro-lateral surface of the left ventricle. It is known that most middle cervical ganglion neurons that transduce the ventricular mechanical mi ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires

... was 62% in NT3-/- compared to 33% in BDNF-/- muscles (Table 1). Masticatory muscles differed in the extent of their spindle deficiency in mutant mice, particularly in NT3-deficient mutants. The superficial masseter showed a 75% loss whereas the zygomaticomandibularis showed only a 47% loss of spindl ...
Serotonin Modulates Developmental Microglia
Serotonin Modulates Developmental Microglia

... the proper wiring of neuronal networks at postnatal periods 1, 2. The critical process of developmental elimination of inappropriate synapses involves the phagocytic activity of microglia 3, 4, however, the influence of microglial cells on synapse development most likely extends beyond their phagocy ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation

... responses, however, the formula for entropy does not handle negative numbers, i.e. inhibitory responses. On the other hand, the noise to signal ratio rarely confronts this problem because the response to the 2nd best stimulus is virtually never inhibitory, but this measure ignores the 3rd and 4th-be ...
Organization of the Honey Bee Mushroom Body
Organization of the Honey Bee Mushroom Body

... division of the medial lobe (Zars et al., 2000). Notwithstanding accumulated evidence that mushroom bodies are likely to play cardinal roles in plastic and acquired behaviors, there has been almost no attempt to determine what structural features mushroom bodies have in common in different taxa. One ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat

... STN neurons that in part supports recurrent membrane oscillations, leading to rhythmic burst firing of STN neurons. Others have observed plateau potentials evoked by current injections (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be trigger ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain

... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
Chapter 14b - Dr. Jerry Cronin
Chapter 14b - Dr. Jerry Cronin

... – resemble string of pearls – swollen segment packed with neurotransmitter vesicles – pass along or near surface of effector cells – no specialized postsynaptic membranes ...
Projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to the cochlear
Projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to the cochlear

... and giant cells) are modulated by manipulating the pinna or electrically stimulating the nerve carrying proprioceptive afferents from areas that include the pinna (Saadé et al., 1989; Young et al., 1995; Kanold and Young, 2001). These results indicate that somatosensory activity influences auditory ...
Betz et al
Betz et al

... Removal of inactive nerve terminals before final experiment. When nerve block began to wear off after 5-7 days, the lateral plantar nerve was cut in order to allow its nerve terminals to degenerate. Control experiments (see Results) showed that motor nerve terminals degenerated and no longer stained ...
Chapter 7
Chapter 7

...  Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve ...
Introducing a New Product
Introducing a New Product

... Components of neurons (cont)  Axon A single process extending from the axon hillock, sometimes covered by a fatty layer called a myelin sheath (Figure 13-6)  Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of the neuron  Distal tips of axons are telodendria, each of which terminates in a synaptic ...
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Synaptogenesis

Synaptogenesis is the formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system. Although it occurs throughout a healthy person's lifespan, an explosion of synapse formation occurs during early brain development, known as exuberant synaptogenesis. Synaptogenesis is particularly important during an individual's critical period, during which there is a certain degree of synaptic pruning due to competition for neural growth factors by neurons and synapses. Processes that are not used, or inhibited during their critical period will fail to develop normally later on in life.
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