Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... labeled cells ventrolateral to the SNc). Scale bar = 1 mm. Firing of an SNc (D) and a VTA (E) neuron, observed during simultaneous extracellular recording from both neurons. (D1), ( E1) Action potential waveforms. Spike duration measured as shown. (D2), (E2) Time interval histograms (300 consecutive ...
... labeled cells ventrolateral to the SNc). Scale bar = 1 mm. Firing of an SNc (D) and a VTA (E) neuron, observed during simultaneous extracellular recording from both neurons. (D1), ( E1) Action potential waveforms. Spike duration measured as shown. (D2), (E2) Time interval histograms (300 consecutive ...
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin
... mechanisms that govern the pulsatile LHRH release process, however, remain poorly understood. Electrophysiological correlates of pulse generator activity have been characterized using mediobasal hypothalamic, multi-unit recordings in monkeys [16], sheep [17], goats [18], and rats [19]. Although thes ...
... mechanisms that govern the pulsatile LHRH release process, however, remain poorly understood. Electrophysiological correlates of pulse generator activity have been characterized using mediobasal hypothalamic, multi-unit recordings in monkeys [16], sheep [17], goats [18], and rats [19]. Although thes ...
Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Beyond
... The expression of brain GnRHR occurs after birth and is restricted to postmitotic neurons [25]; this excludes their involvement in neuronal embryonic development and suggests a possible role in postnatal development or in brain plasticity. Actually, activation of GnRHR alters the electrical properti ...
... The expression of brain GnRHR occurs after birth and is restricted to postmitotic neurons [25]; this excludes their involvement in neuronal embryonic development and suggests a possible role in postnatal development or in brain plasticity. Actually, activation of GnRHR alters the electrical properti ...
Mapping of second order olfactory neurons and ventral
... system devoted to process chemosensory information is strikingly well conserved across the different species, in particular the olfactory pathways. Due to their highly specialized ability of detecting air-born molecules over long distances, plus an accessible nervous system, noctuid moths have serve ...
... system devoted to process chemosensory information is strikingly well conserved across the different species, in particular the olfactory pathways. Due to their highly specialized ability of detecting air-born molecules over long distances, plus an accessible nervous system, noctuid moths have serve ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
Comparative neuronal morphology of the
... Although there are many representative freehand and camera lucida drawings of cerebellar cortex neurons (Ramón y Cajal, 1909, 1911; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1970, 1972; Palay and ChanPalay, 1974; Braak and Braak, 1983; Bishop, 1993; Lainé and Axelrad, 1996), very few cerebellar neurons have been digita ...
... Although there are many representative freehand and camera lucida drawings of cerebellar cortex neurons (Ramón y Cajal, 1909, 1911; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1970, 1972; Palay and ChanPalay, 1974; Braak and Braak, 1983; Bishop, 1993; Lainé and Axelrad, 1996), very few cerebellar neurons have been digita ...
Hippocampal CA1 atrophy and synaptic loss during
... region of CA1. Briefly, a grid consisting of 1 pixel thick crosses was randomly superimposed onto each single-color optical image within a stack through the CA1. The area associated with each cross point was calculated using the given area of the grid, the number of crosses per grid and the ratio of ...
... region of CA1. Briefly, a grid consisting of 1 pixel thick crosses was randomly superimposed onto each single-color optical image within a stack through the CA1. The area associated with each cross point was calculated using the given area of the grid, the number of crosses per grid and the ratio of ...
Potassium Currents Responsible for Inward and Outward
... block both I,, and I,,, revealed an early transient overshoot in voltage deflections at potentials near spike threshold, but rectification persisted at the end of the responses. The transient overshoot and the residual rectification were eliminated by TEA (25 mM), a blocker of the slow, noninactivat ...
... block both I,, and I,,, revealed an early transient overshoot in voltage deflections at potentials near spike threshold, but rectification persisted at the end of the responses. The transient overshoot and the residual rectification were eliminated by TEA (25 mM), a blocker of the slow, noninactivat ...
Change of vanilloid receptor 1 expression in dorsal root ganglion
... increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-positive neurons per DRG at day 1 and day 14 after CFA injection reached 1.5-fold and 1.7-fold of the control level. There was a shift of VR1 expression from small to medium neurons (Fig. 3). Pre-injection and on day 1, the VR1-positive cells wer ...
... increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-positive neurons per DRG at day 1 and day 14 after CFA injection reached 1.5-fold and 1.7-fold of the control level. There was a shift of VR1 expression from small to medium neurons (Fig. 3). Pre-injection and on day 1, the VR1-positive cells wer ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... been shown to selectively potentiate feed-forward connections with specific axonal delays, enabling functions such as sound localization in the auditory brainstem of the barn owl. We demonstrate a similar selective potentiation for the recurrent connections in a network with axonal delays correspond ...
... been shown to selectively potentiate feed-forward connections with specific axonal delays, enabling functions such as sound localization in the auditory brainstem of the barn owl. We demonstrate a similar selective potentiation for the recurrent connections in a network with axonal delays correspond ...
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 3
... Figure 3.6 (a) During an action potential, sodium gates in the neuron membrane open, and sodium ions enter the axon, bringing a positive charge with them. (b) After an action potential occurs at one point along the axon, the sodium gates close at that point and open at the next point along the axon. ...
... Figure 3.6 (a) During an action potential, sodium gates in the neuron membrane open, and sodium ions enter the axon, bringing a positive charge with them. (b) After an action potential occurs at one point along the axon, the sodium gates close at that point and open at the next point along the axon. ...
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
... Examining the distribution of neurons across functional areas requires well-established criteria for identifying and isolating these areas. Such criteria have been established in the most widely used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarch ...
... Examining the distribution of neurons across functional areas requires well-established criteria for identifying and isolating these areas. Such criteria have been established in the most widely used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarch ...
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Aplysia californica and Molecular
... a multitude of molecular changes that may result in learned behaviors. Mammalian systems may be difficult to work use to understand learned behaviors due to highly complex nervous systems; the human brain consists of one trillion neurons and highly complicated neuronal networks, making it difficult ...
... a multitude of molecular changes that may result in learned behaviors. Mammalian systems may be difficult to work use to understand learned behaviors due to highly complex nervous systems; the human brain consists of one trillion neurons and highly complicated neuronal networks, making it difficult ...
Parallel Processing of Appetitive Short- and Long
... protocols, because STM is induced by one cycle of conditioning, whereas LTM formation requires spaced conditioning consisting of repeated training sessions separated by 15 min rest periods. These different training protocols may induce different physiological states within the relevant neurons, maki ...
... protocols, because STM is induced by one cycle of conditioning, whereas LTM formation requires spaced conditioning consisting of repeated training sessions separated by 15 min rest periods. These different training protocols may induce different physiological states within the relevant neurons, maki ...
Genetic Analysis of Brain Circuits Underlying Pheromone Signaling
... genetic experiments that uncovered the role of nonvomeronasal cues in the control of reproduction (19, 43, 70). The studies summarized above clearly demonstrate the involvement of central olfactory nuclei in the relay of chemosensory information relevant to reproduction. Genetic silencing of VNO or ...
... genetic experiments that uncovered the role of nonvomeronasal cues in the control of reproduction (19, 43, 70). The studies summarized above clearly demonstrate the involvement of central olfactory nuclei in the relay of chemosensory information relevant to reproduction. Genetic silencing of VNO or ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... diapause behaviour. Depending on e.g. the availability of food, temperature, and photoperiod, the beetle will either reproduce or enter diapause. Reproduction requires a high juvenile hormone titre in the hemolymph (de Wilde et al. 1968). Diapause is initiated when the juvenile hormone titre in the ...
... diapause behaviour. Depending on e.g. the availability of food, temperature, and photoperiod, the beetle will either reproduce or enter diapause. Reproduction requires a high juvenile hormone titre in the hemolymph (de Wilde et al. 1968). Diapause is initiated when the juvenile hormone titre in the ...
A population density approach that facilitates slow inhibitory synapses
... A previously developed method for efficiently simulating complex networks of integrate-andfire neurons was specialized to the case in which the neurons have fast unitary postsynaptic conductances. However, inhibitory synaptic conductances are often slower than excitatory for cortical neurons, and th ...
... A previously developed method for efficiently simulating complex networks of integrate-andfire neurons was specialized to the case in which the neurons have fast unitary postsynaptic conductances. However, inhibitory synaptic conductances are often slower than excitatory for cortical neurons, and th ...
fulltext
... A major challenge in the field of neuroscience is to link behavior with specific neuronal circuitries and cellular events. One way of facing this challenge is to identify unique cellular markers and thus have the ability to, through various mouse genetics tools, mimic, manipulate and control various ...
... A major challenge in the field of neuroscience is to link behavior with specific neuronal circuitries and cellular events. One way of facing this challenge is to identify unique cellular markers and thus have the ability to, through various mouse genetics tools, mimic, manipulate and control various ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... Smith and Paré 1994; Stefanacci et al. 1992), appears to be a necessary link for the development of auditory conditioned fear responses (LeDoux et al. 1986, 1990). Characterization of the mechanisms governing LAT neuronal activity therefore is required for understanding the neuronal basis of these ...
... Smith and Paré 1994; Stefanacci et al. 1992), appears to be a necessary link for the development of auditory conditioned fear responses (LeDoux et al. 1986, 1990). Characterization of the mechanisms governing LAT neuronal activity therefore is required for understanding the neuronal basis of these ...
Fine-scale specificity of cortical networks depends on inhibitory cell
... potentially include any of several other distinct cell types, but they are clearly distinguished from fast-spiking inhibitory neurons in terms of their morphology, physiology, gene expression and connectivity18,25–28. Fast-spiking interneuron–pyramid pairs Direct connections were tested between 43 l ...
... potentially include any of several other distinct cell types, but they are clearly distinguished from fast-spiking inhibitory neurons in terms of their morphology, physiology, gene expression and connectivity18,25–28. Fast-spiking interneuron–pyramid pairs Direct connections were tested between 43 l ...
PDF
... differentiation in vivo is that axogenesis in individual neurons precedes their dendrogenesis (Kim and Chiba, 2004; Westerfield et al., 1986). As a result, when dendrites first appear in the embryonic CNS, axons have already laid out basic fascicle organizations. In many animals, a neuropil, the reg ...
... differentiation in vivo is that axogenesis in individual neurons precedes their dendrogenesis (Kim and Chiba, 2004; Westerfield et al., 1986). As a result, when dendrites first appear in the embryonic CNS, axons have already laid out basic fascicle organizations. In many animals, a neuropil, the reg ...
Glossary of Olfactory Terms
... receptor signals to the olfactory bulb. Axons expressing the same receptor type join in sets of fiber bundles through which these signals are transmitted. At the olfactory bulb, these signals are interpreted at the glomeruli and further signals are transmitted to the olfactory centers of the brain ( ...
... receptor signals to the olfactory bulb. Axons expressing the same receptor type join in sets of fiber bundles through which these signals are transmitted. At the olfactory bulb, these signals are interpreted at the glomeruli and further signals are transmitted to the olfactory centers of the brain ( ...
TEMPORAL AND REGIONAL REGULATION OF a1, b2 AND b3
... immediately (day 0) or two days after drug treatment, when rats were tolerant, or seven days after treatment, when tolerance had reversed, and were compared to sections from pair-handled, vehicle-treated controls. a1 subunit messenger RNA level was significantly decreased in CA1 pyramidal cells and ...
... immediately (day 0) or two days after drug treatment, when rats were tolerant, or seven days after treatment, when tolerance had reversed, and were compared to sections from pair-handled, vehicle-treated controls. a1 subunit messenger RNA level was significantly decreased in CA1 pyramidal cells and ...
Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG) form a neural circuit that is disrupted in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. We found that neuronal activity (c-Fos) in the BG followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessar ...
... The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG) form a neural circuit that is disrupted in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. We found that neuronal activity (c-Fos) in the BG followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessar ...
Physiological patterns in the hippocampo
... difficulty in the entorhinal cortex is the lack of objective and reliable criteria for cell classification and unit separation methods, as well as the more complex cortical connectivity compared to the “simple” hippocampal regions. These methodological difficulties need to be worked out before any m ...
... difficulty in the entorhinal cortex is the lack of objective and reliable criteria for cell classification and unit separation methods, as well as the more complex cortical connectivity compared to the “simple” hippocampal regions. These methodological difficulties need to be worked out before any m ...