A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... well in practice, there is no biological evidence that support such operation in real organism. This early form of ad-hoc normalization is practically a simplification of more complicated homeostatic regulation that counterbalances Hebbian plasticity [31]. Turrigiano and Nelson [31] give a very help ...
... well in practice, there is no biological evidence that support such operation in real organism. This early form of ad-hoc normalization is practically a simplification of more complicated homeostatic regulation that counterbalances Hebbian plasticity [31]. Turrigiano and Nelson [31] give a very help ...
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank
... Incorrect. Glial cells serve as a structure for neurons. c) myelin sheath d) dendritic spine ANS: a, p. 38, F, LO=2.1, (1) % correct 96 a= 96 b= 3 c= 1 d= 0 r = .25 10. Which of the following are the three basic types of neurons? a) reflexes, sensory neurons, motor neurons Incorrect. Reflexes are no ...
... Incorrect. Glial cells serve as a structure for neurons. c) myelin sheath d) dendritic spine ANS: a, p. 38, F, LO=2.1, (1) % correct 96 a= 96 b= 3 c= 1 d= 0 r = .25 10. Which of the following are the three basic types of neurons? a) reflexes, sensory neurons, motor neurons Incorrect. Reflexes are no ...
HS 120 Anatomy and Physiology I Douglas Turner Apr09
... Question Some individuals who are depressed have an abnormally small amount of the neurotransmitter serotonin at certain synapses in the brain. One category of antidepressant drugs is called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Can you deduce what action this drug has at a synapse to increase t ...
... Question Some individuals who are depressed have an abnormally small amount of the neurotransmitter serotonin at certain synapses in the brain. One category of antidepressant drugs is called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Can you deduce what action this drug has at a synapse to increase t ...
computational and in vitro studies of persistent activity
... cue and response is plotted. Borrowed from Fig. 2 in Compte et al. (2000) by permission of Oxford University Press. (B) Rastergrams for the delay period similar to A but with increasing AMPA participation in excitatory synaptic transmission. As NMDA contribution is diminished, oscillations develop a ...
... cue and response is plotted. Borrowed from Fig. 2 in Compte et al. (2000) by permission of Oxford University Press. (B) Rastergrams for the delay period similar to A but with increasing AMPA participation in excitatory synaptic transmission. As NMDA contribution is diminished, oscillations develop a ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... terminals to attenuate glutamate release (67, 135), while N/OFQ inhibits both excitatory and inhibitory transmission (135). Furthermore, synaptically released glutamate negatively regulates the presynaptic release of glutamate and GABA through group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) (2) ...
... terminals to attenuate glutamate release (67, 135), while N/OFQ inhibits both excitatory and inhibitory transmission (135). Furthermore, synaptically released glutamate negatively regulates the presynaptic release of glutamate and GABA through group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) (2) ...
Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons in Aplysia are
... of some of the modulator cells. Inhibitory chemical synapses mediated the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due to block of action potential invasion into synaptic release regions or t ...
... of some of the modulator cells. Inhibitory chemical synapses mediated the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due to block of action potential invasion into synaptic release regions or t ...
Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala
... over-generalization of fear associations and failure to extinguish learned fear (Figure 2) [22–31]. Animal models that mimic these behavioral abnormalities, such as animals trained in the fear conditioning or extinction learning paradigms, require synaptic plasticity [35–44]. Therefore, impairment o ...
... over-generalization of fear associations and failure to extinguish learned fear (Figure 2) [22–31]. Animal models that mimic these behavioral abnormalities, such as animals trained in the fear conditioning or extinction learning paradigms, require synaptic plasticity [35–44]. Therefore, impairment o ...
Sample
... 43. A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell is called a __________ a) glial cell. b) neurotransmitter. Correct. Neurotransmitters are stored in the synaptic vesicles. c) precursor cell. d) synapse. Incorrect. The synapse is the space between th ...
... 43. A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell is called a __________ a) glial cell. b) neurotransmitter. Correct. Neurotransmitters are stored in the synaptic vesicles. c) precursor cell. d) synapse. Incorrect. The synapse is the space between th ...
Olfaction
... any protective barrier and make direct contact with the brain § Contrast with visual receptors that are protected by cornea, hearing receptors protected by eardrum, taste buds are buried in papillae ...
... any protective barrier and make direct contact with the brain § Contrast with visual receptors that are protected by cornea, hearing receptors protected by eardrum, taste buds are buried in papillae ...
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Trk Receptor Activation in Epilepsy
... in the hippocampus by seizure activity in animal models [28, 46, 56, 69]. The development of kindling is partially inhibited in heterozygote knockout BDNF mice [53] or mice with conditional BDNF gene deletion [42]. Interestingly, conditional homozygous deletion of trkB appears to prevent kindling [4 ...
... in the hippocampus by seizure activity in animal models [28, 46, 56, 69]. The development of kindling is partially inhibited in heterozygote knockout BDNF mice [53] or mice with conditional BDNF gene deletion [42]. Interestingly, conditional homozygous deletion of trkB appears to prevent kindling [4 ...
Olfaction and the Chemical Senses
... the odor source (Chee-Ruiter and Laurent, 1995). We will discuss some of the cues that insects may use in locating an odor source in §1.10.3. The grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, is attracted to the odors of its host plants, wheat, ryegrass, sorghum and alfalfa (Hopkins and Young, 1990; see Hart ...
... the odor source (Chee-Ruiter and Laurent, 1995). We will discuss some of the cues that insects may use in locating an odor source in §1.10.3. The grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, is attracted to the odors of its host plants, wheat, ryegrass, sorghum and alfalfa (Hopkins and Young, 1990; see Hart ...
Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs to Cortical Neurons
... In vivo cortical neurons are known to exhibit highly irregular spike patterns. Because the intervals between successive spikes fluctuate greatly, irregular neuronal firing makes it difficult to estimate instantaneous firing rates accurately. If, however, the irregularity of spike timing is decoupled ...
... In vivo cortical neurons are known to exhibit highly irregular spike patterns. Because the intervals between successive spikes fluctuate greatly, irregular neuronal firing makes it difficult to estimate instantaneous firing rates accurately. If, however, the irregularity of spike timing is decoupled ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Urodele amphibians, newts and salamanders, can regenerate lesioned spinal cord at any stage of the life cycle and are the only tetrapod vertebrates that regenerate spinal cord completely as adults. The ependymal cells play a key role in this process in both gap replacement and caudal regeneration. T ...
... Urodele amphibians, newts and salamanders, can regenerate lesioned spinal cord at any stage of the life cycle and are the only tetrapod vertebrates that regenerate spinal cord completely as adults. The ependymal cells play a key role in this process in both gap replacement and caudal regeneration. T ...
Delayed Puberty but Normal Fertility in Mice With Selective Deletion
... diabetic rats display reproductive abnormalities, which can be ameliorated by central administration of insulin (12-14). In humans, type 1 diabetes also disrupts puberty and reproduction (15, 16). Although insulin was originally thought to be acting directly on GnRH neurons (8, 9, 17, 18), a recent ...
... diabetic rats display reproductive abnormalities, which can be ameliorated by central administration of insulin (12-14). In humans, type 1 diabetes also disrupts puberty and reproduction (15, 16). Although insulin was originally thought to be acting directly on GnRH neurons (8, 9, 17, 18), a recent ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... in glomeruli and transmit signals to the mushroom body and lateral horn. Cerebellar granule neurons. The most numerous neurons of the brain, these offer an ideal system for biochemical, morphological and physiological studies. Granule neurons undergo typified stages of development, which can be stud ...
... in glomeruli and transmit signals to the mushroom body and lateral horn. Cerebellar granule neurons. The most numerous neurons of the brain, these offer an ideal system for biochemical, morphological and physiological studies. Granule neurons undergo typified stages of development, which can be stud ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... The patterns of connections made by local circuit neurons in the medial region of the intermediate zone are different from the patterns made by those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply t ...
... The patterns of connections made by local circuit neurons in the medial region of the intermediate zone are different from the patterns made by those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply t ...
NIH Public Access
... Serotonergic neurons within the raphe, especially the dorsal raphe, project to diverse forebrain regions, including the key corticolimbic structures involved in the regulation of stress, such as the mPFC, septum, extended amygdala, and hippocampus. Within the DRN, further topological organization su ...
... Serotonergic neurons within the raphe, especially the dorsal raphe, project to diverse forebrain regions, including the key corticolimbic structures involved in the regulation of stress, such as the mPFC, septum, extended amygdala, and hippocampus. Within the DRN, further topological organization su ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... cortical targets. The selection of an appropriate target is first evident even before thalamic axons grow into the cortical plate: initially axons accumulate and wait below their cortical target area in a zone called the subplate. This zone also contains the first postmitotic neurons of the cerebral ...
... cortical targets. The selection of an appropriate target is first evident even before thalamic axons grow into the cortical plate: initially axons accumulate and wait below their cortical target area in a zone called the subplate. This zone also contains the first postmitotic neurons of the cerebral ...
Neurofilaments and Orthograde Transport Are Reduced in Ventral
... typically form in the perikarya and processes of neurons, and these inclusions contain highly phosphorylated NFH and NFM (Tu et al., 1997a,b). The major functions of NFs are to provide mechanical support, especially in large myelinated axons, and to regulate axonal caliber. Thus, disruption of the N ...
... typically form in the perikarya and processes of neurons, and these inclusions contain highly phosphorylated NFH and NFM (Tu et al., 1997a,b). The major functions of NFs are to provide mechanical support, especially in large myelinated axons, and to regulate axonal caliber. Thus, disruption of the N ...
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... neural population patterns in a circuit represents a new challenge. Moreover, cognition involves a large network of brain structures; therefore, it is critical to elucidate neuronal interactions between different brain regions, increasingly with the help of multielectrode recordings and imaging tech ...
... neural population patterns in a circuit represents a new challenge. Moreover, cognition involves a large network of brain structures; therefore, it is critical to elucidate neuronal interactions between different brain regions, increasingly with the help of multielectrode recordings and imaging tech ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single
... times, due to the uncorrelated background input. In an optimal case, this jitter will not build up, resulting in a stationary accuracy which remains in the few-millisecond range. However, it is also possible that the jitter does build up at each stage, causing the syn®re to cease after passing only ...
... times, due to the uncorrelated background input. In an optimal case, this jitter will not build up, resulting in a stationary accuracy which remains in the few-millisecond range. However, it is also possible that the jitter does build up at each stage, causing the syn®re to cease after passing only ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... neural population patterns in a circuit represents a new challenge. Moreover, cognition involves a large network of brain structures; therefore, it is critical to elucidate neuronal interactions between different brain regions, increasingly with the help of multielectrode recordings and imaging tech ...
... neural population patterns in a circuit represents a new challenge. Moreover, cognition involves a large network of brain structures; therefore, it is critical to elucidate neuronal interactions between different brain regions, increasingly with the help of multielectrode recordings and imaging tech ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... PKA demonstrated to be crucial for the late, protein synthesisdependent phase (6, 24–26). One of the signaling pathways that leads to protein synthesis involves PKA-mediated activation of MAPK, and subsequently, cAMP-response element-binding proteins (CREB) (6, 25, 27). Transgenic mice with a consti ...
... PKA demonstrated to be crucial for the late, protein synthesisdependent phase (6, 24–26). One of the signaling pathways that leads to protein synthesis involves PKA-mediated activation of MAPK, and subsequently, cAMP-response element-binding proteins (CREB) (6, 25, 27). Transgenic mice with a consti ...