Chapter 9 Nervous System
... A.Nerve impulses travel from neuron to neuron along complex nerve pathways. B.The junction between two communicating neurons is called a synapse; there exists a synaptic cleft between them across which the impulse must be conveyed. ...
... A.Nerve impulses travel from neuron to neuron along complex nerve pathways. B.The junction between two communicating neurons is called a synapse; there exists a synaptic cleft between them across which the impulse must be conveyed. ...
Estradiol, Substance P, and the PI3K-Akt
... The pain system is exceedingly complex. Its features include plasticity in the primary afferents, dorsal horn, and brain; pain inhibition systems; descending modulation from the brain to the dorsal horn; changes in extracellular signaling molecules and inflammatory mediators; changes in membrane rec ...
... The pain system is exceedingly complex. Its features include plasticity in the primary afferents, dorsal horn, and brain; pain inhibition systems; descending modulation from the brain to the dorsal horn; changes in extracellular signaling molecules and inflammatory mediators; changes in membrane rec ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered representation to downstream areas. Studies of how adaptation af ...
... input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered representation to downstream areas. Studies of how adaptation af ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... axis is formed by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neurons which release their neurohormone content into the portal circulation of the hypophysis in a pulsatile manner. The episodic hormone release from the GnRH axon terminals results in a rhythmic discharge of the two gonadotropi ...
... axis is formed by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neurons which release their neurohormone content into the portal circulation of the hypophysis in a pulsatile manner. The episodic hormone release from the GnRH axon terminals results in a rhythmic discharge of the two gonadotropi ...
Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Dysfunctions
... blood flow in frontal cortex, that provided the best evidence of hypofrontality and regional brain dysfunction in schizophrenia [28]. Because CSF dopamine metabolite levels reflected cortical dopamine metabolism, the relationship between hypofrontality and low CSF dopamine metabolite levels indirect ...
... blood flow in frontal cortex, that provided the best evidence of hypofrontality and regional brain dysfunction in schizophrenia [28]. Because CSF dopamine metabolite levels reflected cortical dopamine metabolism, the relationship between hypofrontality and low CSF dopamine metabolite levels indirect ...
Document
... TB_02_20 Neurons: The Messengers_Understand_LO 2.2 If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action pot ...
... TB_02_20 Neurons: The Messengers_Understand_LO 2.2 If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action pot ...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and diseased brain
... the cellular responses to TNF-α that produce neurotoxicity, will be discussed in the next section. TNF-α is intimately involved in the CNS immune response to any neural injury, infection, or damage, and therefore levels of TNF-α (and other cytokines) have been shown to increase in the brain in respo ...
... the cellular responses to TNF-α that produce neurotoxicity, will be discussed in the next section. TNF-α is intimately involved in the CNS immune response to any neural injury, infection, or damage, and therefore levels of TNF-α (and other cytokines) have been shown to increase in the brain in respo ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... upregulated under fasting conditions10), and the forkhead box transcription factor Foxa2, a downstream target of insulin signaling, is reported to be involved in this transcriptional regulation14). These findings suggest that the activities of orexin neurons are regulated by metabolic balance. Orexi ...
... upregulated under fasting conditions10), and the forkhead box transcription factor Foxa2, a downstream target of insulin signaling, is reported to be involved in this transcriptional regulation14). These findings suggest that the activities of orexin neurons are regulated by metabolic balance. Orexi ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... The objective of this thesis is a low-power, hardware implementation of columns of neurons in the human brain’s neo-cortex. The biological neo-cortex of the human brain consists of innumerable number of columns. Each column is made of six layers with millions of neurons in each layer. This implement ...
... The objective of this thesis is a low-power, hardware implementation of columns of neurons in the human brain’s neo-cortex. The biological neo-cortex of the human brain consists of innumerable number of columns. Each column is made of six layers with millions of neurons in each layer. This implement ...
[Ca2+]c dynamics in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons of the
... was affected by the spontaneous firing rate. In the presence of the Na+ channel antagonist, TTX (0.5 µM), glutamate increased [Ca2+]c by activating different glutamate receptors depending on the glutamate concentration used. Addition of glutamate at low concentrations (<3 µM) raised [Ca2+]c mainly b ...
... was affected by the spontaneous firing rate. In the presence of the Na+ channel antagonist, TTX (0.5 µM), glutamate increased [Ca2+]c by activating different glutamate receptors depending on the glutamate concentration used. Addition of glutamate at low concentrations (<3 µM) raised [Ca2+]c mainly b ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... receptors do not mediate rapid synaptic transmission, their contribution being primarily to the slow component of excitatory postsynaptic currents. At the resting plasma membrane potential they are powerfully inhibited by Mg2+ , whose block is reversed by plasma membrane depolarization (Nowak et al. ...
... receptors do not mediate rapid synaptic transmission, their contribution being primarily to the slow component of excitatory postsynaptic currents. At the resting plasma membrane potential they are powerfully inhibited by Mg2+ , whose block is reversed by plasma membrane depolarization (Nowak et al. ...
Huntingtin Aggregation Kinetics and Their Pathological
... aggregates may be inert or even neuroprotective. Medium spiny projection neurons of the striatum exhibit fewer Htt aggregates than striatal interneurons, yet are more vulnerable to neurodegeneration in HD (Kuemmerle et al. 1999). Additionally, several mouse (Hodgson et al. 1999) and Drosophila (Rome ...
... aggregates may be inert or even neuroprotective. Medium spiny projection neurons of the striatum exhibit fewer Htt aggregates than striatal interneurons, yet are more vulnerable to neurodegeneration in HD (Kuemmerle et al. 1999). Additionally, several mouse (Hodgson et al. 1999) and Drosophila (Rome ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... Figures 2b and e). These results indicate that intact expression of the neuron-specific Nf1 exon 9a isoform is required for normal spatial learning. To determine whether the spatial learning impairments of Nf19a–/9a– mutants are associated with changes in synaptic function, we recorded field excitator ...
... Figures 2b and e). These results indicate that intact expression of the neuron-specific Nf1 exon 9a isoform is required for normal spatial learning. To determine whether the spatial learning impairments of Nf19a–/9a– mutants are associated with changes in synaptic function, we recorded field excitator ...
Nap, a Novel Member of the Pentraxin Family, Promotes Neurite
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
The Role of Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproduction
... The critical role that kisspeptins play in regulating the reproductive axis is illustrated by the consequences of mutations in the kisspeptin signaling pathway in mice and humans. Mice with disruption of the kisspeptin receptor gene (Gpr54/Kiss1r) (24, 27, 51, 60, 100) or Kiss1 (20, 27) do not under ...
... The critical role that kisspeptins play in regulating the reproductive axis is illustrated by the consequences of mutations in the kisspeptin signaling pathway in mice and humans. Mice with disruption of the kisspeptin receptor gene (Gpr54/Kiss1r) (24, 27, 51, 60, 100) or Kiss1 (20, 27) do not under ...
Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
... TDP-43 present deficient locomotive behaviours, reduced life span and anatomical defects at neuromuscular junctions (Feiguin et al., 2009). TDP-43-depleted zebrafish exhibit swimming deficits along with excessive, premature branching and shortened motor axons (Kabashi et al., 2011). Furthermore, TDP ...
... TDP-43 present deficient locomotive behaviours, reduced life span and anatomical defects at neuromuscular junctions (Feiguin et al., 2009). TDP-43-depleted zebrafish exhibit swimming deficits along with excessive, premature branching and shortened motor axons (Kabashi et al., 2011). Furthermore, TDP ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be measured. Intracellular recordings from somata reveal relative ...
... also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be measured. Intracellular recordings from somata reveal relative ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... peroxidase complex (ABC; 1:200; Vectastain Elite kit; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The peroxidase reaction product was subsequently visualized by incubating the sections in 0.022% diaminobenzidine, 0.3% NiSO4(NH4)2SO4, and 0.003% hydrogen peroxide for 6 –7 min. Then, after incubation in blo ...
... peroxidase complex (ABC; 1:200; Vectastain Elite kit; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The peroxidase reaction product was subsequently visualized by incubating the sections in 0.022% diaminobenzidine, 0.3% NiSO4(NH4)2SO4, and 0.003% hydrogen peroxide for 6 –7 min. Then, after incubation in blo ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... dopamine neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (that is, the difference between expected and actual rewards), these cells can also signal aversion, saliency, uncertainty and novelty2,3. They are heterogeneous in their anatomical location, targets to which they project, elec ...
... dopamine neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (that is, the difference between expected and actual rewards), these cells can also signal aversion, saliency, uncertainty and novelty2,3. They are heterogeneous in their anatomical location, targets to which they project, elec ...
Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... transverse fibers along its ventral surface. The trigeminal nerve (CN V) connect to the pons. Rostral to the pons, the ventral surface of the midbrain (mesencephalon) features a median interpeduncular fossa between bilateral cerebral peduncles. The ventral surface of each peduncle is capped by the w ...
... transverse fibers along its ventral surface. The trigeminal nerve (CN V) connect to the pons. Rostral to the pons, the ventral surface of the midbrain (mesencephalon) features a median interpeduncular fossa between bilateral cerebral peduncles. The ventral surface of each peduncle is capped by the w ...
intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring
... neurons with 1.3–2.0 ms periodicity. These were called I waves, being indirectly generated by the electric pulse. Then in 1980, Merton and Morton found that singlepulse TES produces a muscle MEP in conscious humans [2]. The mechanism is believed to vary with the momentary excitability of alpha motor ...
... neurons with 1.3–2.0 ms periodicity. These were called I waves, being indirectly generated by the electric pulse. Then in 1980, Merton and Morton found that singlepulse TES produces a muscle MEP in conscious humans [2]. The mechanism is believed to vary with the momentary excitability of alpha motor ...
Changes in Intracellular pH Associated with Glutamate Excitotoxicity
... large deviations in [Ca*+], and high potassium or cyanide induced increasesin [Ca*+], do not produce toxicity (Michaels and Rothman, 1990; Dubinsky and Rothman, 1991). Intracellular acidification hasbeen postulated to contribute to ischemicneuronal death (Tombaugh and Sapolsky, 1990; Nedergaardet al ...
... large deviations in [Ca*+], and high potassium or cyanide induced increasesin [Ca*+], do not produce toxicity (Michaels and Rothman, 1990; Dubinsky and Rothman, 1991). Intracellular acidification hasbeen postulated to contribute to ischemicneuronal death (Tombaugh and Sapolsky, 1990; Nedergaardet al ...
Stimulus Dependence of Local Field Potential Spectra: Experiment
... network. Because our model does not take into account the spatial organization of cortical neurons, we used the simpler approach of Mazzoni et al. (2008) to describe the generation of the LFP. This approach is based on the fact that the major contribution to the LFP generation is given by pyramidal ...
... network. Because our model does not take into account the spatial organization of cortical neurons, we used the simpler approach of Mazzoni et al. (2008) to describe the generation of the LFP. This approach is based on the fact that the major contribution to the LFP generation is given by pyramidal ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... the eye coil electronics (MEL-25, Enzanshi Kogyo, Chiba, Japan). Data were digitized and sampled at 1 kHz and were stored in files during the experiments for further off-line analysis that was performed using Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA). For each neuron, data were aligned on either the initiation ...
... the eye coil electronics (MEL-25, Enzanshi Kogyo, Chiba, Japan). Data were digitized and sampled at 1 kHz and were stored in files during the experiments for further off-line analysis that was performed using Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA). For each neuron, data were aligned on either the initiation ...